线粒体动力学平衡对心脏结构与功能的影响

心脏是一个高耗能、高耗氧的器官,其正常收缩及电信号的正常传导也需大量能量供应,因此心肌细胞含有大量线粒体。正常生理状态下,线粒体在细胞内的数量、形态和功能是相对稳定的。当机体内细胞能量产生不足或两个独立的线粒体存在不同的缺陷时,线粒体会受到Mfn1/2和OPA1的调控而发生融合,发生融合后线粒体基质含量相互混合形成一个功能完善的新的线粒体,此过程即为线粒体融合。为维持线粒体DNA及线粒体膜电位的稳定,线粒体受到Drp1及其受体的调控而发生分裂,分裂可使受损的线粒体DNA及去极化的线粒体膜在分裂时聚集到一个子线粒体中,并通过泛素化-蛋白酶系统或自噬作用消除,从而维持线粒体的正常功能。线粒体融合与分裂是一个连续波动的过程,被认为是维持线粒体和细胞正常功能和形态的关键过程。近年来研究发现,心肌细胞线粒体的融合与分裂失衡会引起自身形态和功能的紊乱,进而损害心脏结构和功能。因此,维持心肌细胞的稳态需要线粒体分裂和融合之间的动态平衡,而维持线粒体的动态平衡则需要介导线粒体融合与分裂相关的动力蛋白。作者对参与线粒体融合及分裂过程的关键蛋白的功能进行了综述,同时讨论了线粒体动力学平衡对心脏结构与功能的影响,以期为后期的研究提供一定理论参考。     

Applying molecular genetic tools to tiger conservation

The utility of molecular genetic approaches in conservation of endangered taxa is now commonly recognized. Over the past decade, conservation genetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA sequencing and microsatellite genotyping have provided powerful tools to resolve taxonomy uncertainty of tiger subspecies, to define conservation units, to reconstruct phylogeography and demographic history, to examine the genetic ancestry of extinct subspecies, to assess population genetic status non-invasively, and to verify genetic background of captive tigers worldwide. The genetic status of tiger subspecies and populations and implications for developing strategies for the survival of this charismatic species both in situ and ex situ are discussed.     

达乌尔黄鼠线粒体Cyt b基因序列特征及其系统进化分析

在甘肃省天祝藏族自治县采集12只达乌尔黄鼠(Spermophilus dauricus),PCR产物直接测序获得Cyt b基因1140bp序列,采用Clustal X 1.84、MEGA 6.0、Dna SP 5.0等生物信息学软件进行了序列特征和系统地位分析。结果显示,达乌尔黄鼠Cyt b基因含116个多态信息位点,群体中多态位点类型有转换、颠换,Cyt b基因T,C,A,G碱基含量分别为33.7%,25.9%,27.6%,12.9%。基于Kimura双参数的遗传距离显示,属内种间大黄鼠(Spermophilus major)与新疆黄鼠(Spermophilus fulvus)间遗传距离最小(0.034),高加索黄鼠(Spermophilus musicus)与达乌尔黄鼠最大(0.172),达乌尔黄鼠群体内遗传距离为0.140,种群分化较大,基于NJ法构建的系统进化树符合传统分类标准,研究为达乌尔黄鼠Cyt b基因标记的种群遗传学应用提供了参考。     

Sebaceous adenitis in the Akita: clinical observations, histopathology and heredity

Ninety-seven pure-bred Akitas were examined clinically and histologically for sebaceous adenitis. The diagnosis was established histologically in 23 Akitas by demonstrating an inflammatory reaction targeted against the sebaceous glands or a reduction in the number of glands. The clinical course of sebaceous adenitis in the Akita was similar to that seen in other breeds. The first skin lesions occurred mainly on the dorsal midline and ears. Compared with the Poodle, the age at first onset of the disease was more variable and the hair loss affected mainly the undercoat. The progression of sebaceous gland destruction varied between dogs and was not seen in all cases. Because bud-like sebaceous gland proliferation could be identified, it seems that regeneration of the sebaceous glands may occur. An autosomal recessive inheritance appears to be possible. Apart from a genetic background, immune-mediated factors possibly influence the onset and course of sebaceous adenitis.     

线粒体DNA在鳞翅目昆虫系统学研究中的应用

线粒体DNA具有母性遗传与进化速率快等特点,已作为理想的分子标记广泛应用于昆虫的分类学、群体遗传学、系统发育和分子进化等研究。本文介绍了鳞翅目昆虫线粒体基因组的特征,对线粒体DNA应用于鳞翅目昆虫系统发生和分子进化等方面的研究进行了综述,并总结了线粒体基因或区段在鳞翅目昆虫不同分类阶元的适用性。     

Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Nepalese domestic dwarf cattle Lulu*

Dwarf Lulu cattle, the only Bos Taurus type of cattle in Nepal, are raised under severe environments in the mountainous zone of that country. In the present study, the body measurement traits, cytogenetic and molecular genetic characteristics of the Lulu cattle are investigated. Blood samples were collected from 31 animals in four villages (altitudes 2590–3550 m) in the southern part of Mustang. The Lulu cattle had a normal karyotype with 2n = 60, XY or XX. Only one male examined had a large submetacentric X‐chromosome and a small submetacentric taurine type Y‐chromosome. The mitochodrial DNA (mtDNA) genotypes were analyzed by PCR mediated restriction fragment length polymorphisms, displacement (D)‐loop region PCR mediated single strand conformation polymorphisms, and D‐loop region sequences. Many base substitutions were found in the D‐loop region, suggesting that the Lulu cattle originated from at least 10 maternal lines. Three types of mtDNA from these cattle were found, the Bos taurus type (n = 23), the Bos indicus type (n = 6), and the Bos grunniens type (n = 2). In the village at the lowest altitude, four of the five cows were of the Bos indicus type. These results indicated that mtDNA types of the Lulu cattle mostly belong to Bos taurus, but have been hybridized with Bos indicus cattle in lower‐elevation regions in their maternal lineage.     

Genetic control of acquired high temperature tolerance in winter wheat

Summary The development of high temperature-tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm is necessary to improve plant productivity under high-temperature stress environments. The quantification of high temperature tolerance and the characterization of its genetic control are necessary for germplasm enhancement efforts. This study was conducted to determine the genetic control of acquired high temperature tolerance in common bread wheat cultivars. Reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) by heat-stressed seedling leaves was used as a quantitative measure to characterize acquired high temperature tolerance. Eleven-day-old seedlings of 20 F₁ progeny produced through a complete 5×5 (Payne, Siouxland, Sturdy, TAM W-101, and TAM 108) diallel mating design were acclimated at 37° C for 24 hours, followed by a 2-hour incubation at 50° C. Under these test conditions, acquired high temperature tolerance ranged from a high of 75.7% for the genotype TAM W-101 × TAM 108, to a low of 37.3% for the genotype Payne × Siouxland. Partitioning of genotypic variance revealed that only the general combining ability component effect was statistically highly significant, accounting for 67% of the total genotypic variation. These results suggest that enhancing the level of high temperature tolerance in wheat germplasm is feasible utilizing existing levels of genetic variability and exploiting additive genetic effects associated with high temperature tolerance.Contribution of the Texas Tech College of Agric. Sci. Journal no T-4-386. This work was supported by USDA specific agreement No. 58-7MNI-6-114 from the Plant Stress and Water Conservation Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Lubbock, Texas, USA     

黄鳝线粒体DNA的提取及其酶切分析

用碱裂解法从黄鳝肝脏组织中提取线粒体DNA,并对提取的线粒体DNA纯度、完整性进行了检测.结果表明,其紫外吸收比值为OD26/280在1.72～1.96之间,纯度较高,琼脂糖凝胶电泳表明提取线粒体的完整性好;用EcoR Ⅰ和HindⅢ对黄鳝线粒体DNA进行酶切,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,均能检测出两套不同的酶切片段,证明黄鳝线粒体DNA存在多态性.     

A fine map for maternal lineage analysis by mitochondrial hypervariable region in 12 Chinese goat breeds

As the fast pace of genomic research continues to identify mitochondrial lineages in animals, it has become apparent that many independent studies are needed to support a robust phylogenetic inference. The aim of this study was thus to further characterize the maternal lineage, proposed to originate in southwestern region of China, using a wider survey of diverse goat breeds in China. To this end, we sequenced the mitochondrial hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the mtDNA control region in 145 goats of 12 Chinese breeds. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Chinese goats were classified into four distinct lineages (A, B, C and D) as previously reported. A Mantel test and the analysis of Analysis of Molecular Variance (ANOVA) indicated that there was not an obvious geographic structure among Chinese goat breeds. Population expansion analysis based on mismatch distribution and Fu's Fs statistic indicate that two expansion events in Chinese goats occurred respectively at about 11 and 29 mutational time units ago, revealing two star-like subclades in lineage B corresponding to two population expansion events. Moreover, lineage B sequences were presented only in the breeds of southwestern or surrounding regions of China. Multiple lines of evidence from this study and previous studies indicate that for Chinese goats mtDNA lineage B originated from the southwestern region of China.