Response of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Tempranillo’ to partial rootzone drying in the field: Water relations, growth, yield and fruit and wine quality

This paper reports the effects of irrigation amount and partial rootzone drying (PRD) on water relations, growth, yield and wine quality of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Tempranillo’ during two consecutive years in a commercial vineyard with a deep, light-clay soil located in Requena, Valencia, Spain. Partial rootzone drying applied at two amounts (100% and 50% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration), was compared to conventional drip irrigation, and also to rainfed vines. Results showed that the effects of irrigation amount on yield and wine quality were different between years. In 2003 with low yield values (around 6.3 t ha⁻¹) irrigation did neither affect grape production nor wine quality. However, in the following year, with much higher general yield (17 t ha⁻¹), the high irrigation dose increased yield by 30% compared to rainfed vines and it also increased must total soluble solids and wine alcohol content. In both seasons, PRD did not significantly affect physiological parameters, nor growth, yield or fruit and wine quality, when compared to the same amount of water applied by conventional drip irrigation. Overall these results suggest that, under our experimental conditions, it was the irrigation amount rather than the system of application what affected vine performance, indicating the difficulties of successfully employing the PRD type of irrigation with a drip system in heavy and deep soils.     

大气CO2浓度升高对茶树光合生理特性的影响

通过对不同大气CO2浓度水平下的茶树观测试验,研究了大气CO2增长对茶树新梢叶片净光合速率、蒸腾气孔导度、水分利用效率、叶绿素含量和营养元素含量等光合生理特性的影响。结果表明,在大气CO2浓度为550、750μmol·mol-1时,比正常大气CO2水平下茶树叶片日平均净光合速率提高17.9%和25.8%,并缓解和消除了光合午休现象;茶树叶片气孔导度降低7.6%和13.0%,蒸腾速度稍有下降,水分利用效率提高21.6%和35.8%;同时使茶树新梢叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素含量分别提高12.8%～18.4%、14.0%～22.0%、13.1%～19.4%和17.2%～20.1%,但叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值有所降低。大气CO2浓度的升高使新梢营养元素N、K、Ca含量有不同程度降低,而Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu含量有所增加。     

Regulation of root-to-leaf Na and Cl transport and its association with photosynthetic activity in salt-tolerant soybean genotypes

ABSTRACT

Soil salinity is a major constraint to sustainable crop production. Genetic improvements are needed for growing soybean in salinity-prone environments. Salt-tolerant soybean genotypes alleviate a reduction in photosynthesis and growth under saline conditions; however, the detailed mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we aimed to clarify how Na and Cl root-to-leaf transport is quantitatively regulated, and to identify whether photosynthetic tolerance depends on traits associated with either stomata or with mesophyll tissues. Two pairs of pot-grown soybean near-isogenic lines (NILs) consisting of tolerant and susceptible counterparts, derived from a cross between salt-tolerant FT-Abyara and salt-sensitive C01, were subjected to salinity treatment in a rainout greenhouse. Comparison of photosynthetic responses between genotypes indicated that genotypic differences in salinity tolerance depended on the ability for sustained CO₂ assimilation in mesophyll tissues, rather than stomatal conductance. The ratio of photosynthetic rate to intercellular CO₂ concentration (A/Ci) declined exponentially with increasing Na and Cl concentration regardless of genotype, but tolerant genotypes effectively kept both elements at significantly low levels. Under saline conditions, tolerant genotypes reduced Na and Cl content at the two transport pathways: from root to stem, and from stem to leaf, but the reduction of Cl at each pathway was only minor. These results suggest that integrating genetic capacity for Cl transport regulation and osmotic adjustment should be an important target in salinity-tolerance soybean breeding.     

根系吸水模型模拟覆膜旱作水稻气孔导度

为构建覆膜旱作水稻根系吸水模型,进一步改进气孔导度模型,该文在湖北十堰开展包含3个水分处理(淹水、覆膜湿润和覆膜旱作栽培)的田间试验,分析覆膜旱作水稻蒸腾(根系吸水)与根长之间的关系,在此基础上建立覆膜旱作水稻根系吸水模型,并将其代替彭曼(Penman-Monteith,PM)方程来估算蒸腾强度,进而与脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)参与调控的气孔导度模型耦合,模拟覆膜旱作条件下水稻气孔导度的日变化过程。结果表明,水稻蒸腾与根长呈线性正比关系(R~2=0.96,P0.05),据此建立的根系吸水模型可以较好地模拟覆膜旱作水稻的蒸腾(根系吸水)规律,使蒸腾强度模拟值和实测值间的相对误差基本控制在15%以内;经改进后的Tardieu-Davies气孔导度模型(TD模型)可有效描述不同土层根系吸水流中的ABA浓度及不同根系层ABA的合成对木质部蒸腾流中总ABA含量的贡献,可较好地模拟气孔导度的日变化过程。改进TD模型大大提高了模拟精度,使相对误差不超过7.0%。该研究可为覆膜旱作水稻生理节水机理和水分利用效率评估提供一定的理论依据。     

不同土壤水分条件下玉米叶片/冠层气孔导度的光谱监测模型

通过玉米水分控制试验,测定不同水分条件下各生育期叶片气孔导度、叶面积指数和冠层光谱反射率等,以分析玉米叶片气孔导度的变化规律及其与光谱植被指数的相关性,从而建立基于光谱植被指数和土壤湿度的叶片气孔导度模型。结果表明：玉米在可见光区和近红外中、长波区的反射率随着土壤水分的降低而上升,但叶片气孔导度（Gs）、叶面积指数（LAI）、比值植被指数（RVI）和归一化植被指数（NDVI）随着土壤水分的下降而降低;玉米NDVI和RVI与单叶片和冠层气孔导度均呈极显著指数函数关系（P〈0.01）,且对单叶片气孔导度的拟合效果优于对冠层导度的拟合效果,而经土壤湿度订正的RVI监测模型优于NDVI监测模型。表明通过测定冠层反射光谱率可实时、迅速地定量监测玉米叶片的气孔导度,为大面积作物气孔导度估算奠定基础。     

剔除土壤背景的棉花水分胁迫无人机热红外遥感诊断

剔除无人机热红外影像中的土壤背景是提高作物水分诊断精度的有效途径,但也是热红外图像处理的难点问题。本文以不同水分处理的花铃期棉花为研究对象,分别在09:00、13:00和17:00等3个时刻,连续5 d采集无人机高分辨率热红外影像,并采用二值化Ostu算法和Canny边缘检测算法对热红外图像进行掩膜处理,实现对土壤背景的剔除,然后分别计算二值化Ostu算法、Canny边缘检测算法和包含土壤背景下的3种棉花水分胁迫指数(Crop water stress index,CWSI),最后建立不同时刻下3种CWSI与棉花叶片气孔导度Gs的关系模型。研究结果表明,应用Canny边缘检测算法可有效剔除热红外影像中的土壤背景,剔除土壤背景后的温度直方图呈单峰的偏态分布;3种处理方法获得的作物水分胁迫指数CWSI中,Canny边缘检测算法的CWSI最小,二值化Ostu算法的CWSI较高,包含土壤背景的CWSI最大;采用Canny边缘检测算法剔除土壤背景后的CWSI与棉花叶片气孔导度Gs的决定系数R2达到0.84,Ostu算法的结果次之,包含土壤背景的最差。本研究可为无人机热红外遥感监测作物水分状况提供参考。     

燕麦叶片光合速率、气孔导度对光强和CO_2的响应与模拟

为指导燕麦生产,并了解燕麦在陆地生态系统水-碳循环过程中的作用,用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,人工控制光强和CO2浓度,在锡林郭勒盟对燕麦叶片光合速率、气孔导度进行了研究,结果表明:燕麦叶片光合速率随光强的增强而增大,可以用米氏方程对其进行描述,在自然CO2浓度下,燕麦叶片的潜在最大光合速率为18.63μmol/(m2·s);在饱和光强下,光合速率随CO2浓度的增大而增大,也可以用米氏方程对其进行描述,CO2浓度→∞时,潜在最大光合速率达到110.28 μmol/(m2·s);气孔导度随光强的增强而增大,随CO2浓度的增大而减小;气孔限制值随光强的增强而增大,气孔限制值随CO2浓度的增大迅速增大,而[CO2]>200 μmol/mol时,气孔限制值基本保持恒定.     

温室环境因子驱动甜瓜水分传输机理分析与模拟

利用人工气候室控制空气温度、相对湿度和光合有效辐射量,根据水量平衡法控制土壤含水率,按照四因素五水平的二次回归正交旋转组合设计,对甜瓜蒸腾量进行模拟,并探讨各因子调控水分传输的机制。基于Jarvis模型建立环境因素驱动的多元非线性气孔导度模型,结合水汽扩散原理建立蒸腾量模型,模型预测精度良好。探究因素交互作用及其耦合调控效应,结果表明:除相对湿度对蒸腾表现为抑制作用,土壤含水率、空气温度和光合有效辐射均对蒸腾具有促进作用;土壤含水率与空气温度的单因素效应相似,随因素水平增加,蒸腾量线性升高;光合有效辐射量驱动蒸腾的单因素效应为开口向下的二次函数,当因素水平超过阈值后,蒸腾量逐渐下降。环境因素在驱动和调控蒸腾过程中均存在密切耦合和反馈效应,土壤含水率与温度对蒸腾调控的耦合效应趋近于平滑曲面,蒸腾量随两因素水平的升高而升高,在试验水平内两因素对蒸腾表现为协同促进效应;空气相对湿度减弱了水汽扩散驱动力,进而抑制温度和土壤含水率对蒸腾的驱动作用,且这种抑制作用随相对湿度的升高而更明显。     

Effect of Shading on Gas Exchange of Cotton Leaves Under Conditions of Different Soil Water Contents1

Effect of different shading levels (no-shading, 80% shading, and 40% shading) on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves were investigated under onditions of different soil water contents in summer midday. All cotton leaves exhibited similar basic responses to shading, including decreased netphotosynthetic rates, a tendency to decrease in transpiration rates, and increased stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. The leaf conductance of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants increased by 28% and 16.7% compared with no-shaded plants at high water, respectively, but the net photosynthetic rates of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants declined by 50% and 14.73%, respectively. Results showed that combined effect of soil moisture and shading on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves was very remarkable.     

Water balance, transpiration and canopy conductance in two beech stands

Measurements of sap flow, vapour fluxes, throughfall and soil water content were conducted for 19 months in a young beech stand growing at low elevation, in the Hesse forest. This experiment is part of the Euroflux network, covering 15 representative European forests. Study of the radial variation of sap flow within tree trunks, showed a general pattern of sap flux density in relation to the depth below cambium. Among-tree variation of sap flow was also assessed, in order to determine the contribution of the different crown classes to the total stand transpiration. Stand sap flow and vapour flux, measured with eddy covariance technique, were well correlated, for half hourly as well for daily values, the ratios of the fluxes for both averaging periods being 0.77. A strong canopy coupling to the atmosphere was found, omega factor ranging between 0.05 and 0.20 relative to the windspeed. Canopy conductance variation was related to a range of environmental variables: global radiation, vapour pressure deficit, air temperature and soil water deficit. In addition to the effect of radiation and of vapour pressure deficit often found in various other tree species, here beech exhibited a strong reduction in canopy conductance when air temperature decreased below 17°C. The model of transpiration was calibrated using data measured in the Hesse forest and applied to another beech stand under mountainous conditions in the Vosges mountains (east France). Measured and modelled stand transpiration were in good agreement.