干拌法橡胶粉改性沥青混合料高温稳定性的时间敏感性分析

利用干拌法制作橡胶粉改性沥青混合料,将搅拌好的沥青混合热料在搅拌锅中进行闷料处理,温度恒温在165℃,分别闷至0 min、15 min、30 min、45 min、60 min,用每个时间段的沥青混合料制成试验用的试件进行高温稳定性分析,结果表明,在闷料开始阶段,橡胶粉改性沥青混合料的稳定度随闷料时间的增加逐渐提高,当闷料时间为15 min左右时,混合料的稳定性达到最大值,随后,稳定性逐渐下降。     

Root zone temperature alters storage root formation and growth of sweetpotato

Large mounds amended with plant residues are a common cultivation method for sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) in the western parts of the Papua New Guinea highlands, with a suggested benefit of elevated root zone temperature (RZT) from decomposition. This study aimed to evaluate whether RZT affects the formation and growth of sweetpotato storage roots. Experiments evaluated the effects of a constant elevated RZT on the Beauregard cultivar and of a short‐term increase in RZT on the Beauregard and Northern Star cultivars. Plants were grown in 18‐L pots divided into a control compartment (constant RZT at 20°C) and a treated compartment (RZT at 30, 40 or 50°C). Constant elevated RZT was maintained until harvest, while short‐term increase in RZT occurred in weeks 2 and 3 only. Constant elevated RZT did not affect the total number of storage roots, but RZT of 30°C and above reduced the dry‐biomass of storage roots. The short‐term increase in RZT did not alter the total number or dry‐biomass of storage roots in Beauregard, while both of these attributes were reduced at RZT of 40°C or above in Northern Star. Elevated RZT inhibited dry‐biomass accumulation of storage root, with a more pronounced impact at constant elevated RZT. These results demonstrate that any benefits of the mound culture on sweetpotato yield production do not arise through the influence of temperature elevation.     

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on flowering in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Summary Forty strains of mungbeans, including all of the entries in the 1st and 2nd International Mungbean Nurseries (IMN), were grown in plant growth chambers in photoperiods of 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 hours and mean temperatures of 18, 23, and 28°C. Results show that (1) mungbean strains differ in their flowering response to photoperiod and to mean temperature; (2) increasing the photoperiod of reducing the mean temperature delayed flowering, the amount of delay varied with the strain: (3) variations in mean temperature may alter the effect of the photoperiod on flowering in particular strains. Twenty-five strains which flowered in all photoperiod-temperature treatments could be divided into four groups, each group being successively later in flowering. The remaining 15 strains could be divided into four groups, according to their failure to flower within 105 days in specific photoperiod-temperature treatments. Flowering response in the growth chamber is useful in explaining flowering response in the 2nd IMN at three locations varying from 14°N to 49°N latitude.Contribution No 7516 from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.     

不同来源绿僵菌对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力比较

油桐鹰尺蠖Biston suppressaria (Guenée) 是一种杂食性食叶害虫,近年来在速生桉树林分中大 面积发生,造成较大的损失。文中研究了不同来源金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae 菌株生长与产孢 特性及对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力,旨在筛选出高效防治该虫的生物资源。试验结果表明：不同来源的 绿僵菌菌株间菌落生长速度和产孢量差异显著,MaZPTR-01 菌株15 d 的菌落直径为6.5 cm,显著较其它 菌株大;MaFZ-13 和MaZPTR-01 菌株培养15 d 产孢量最高,分别为1.33×108 孢子· cm-2 和1.28×108 孢 子· cm-2。致病力测定结果表明：不同菌株对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力存在显著差异,其中接种MaFZ-13 和MaZPTR-01 菌株的幼虫校正死亡率、僵虫率均较其它菌株高,接种后15 d 幼虫校正死亡率分别达到 94.5%、92.7%,僵虫率分别为75%、61.7%;这2 个菌株的致死中时（LT50）显著比其它菌株短,分别为 4.34 和4.52 d。绿僵菌MaFZ-13 和MaZPTR-01 菌株对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力强,且具有良好的生产性 状,可作为该虫的生物防治资源进一步开发应用。     

高羊茅种质光合及叶绿素荧光参数对高温胁迫的响应

以21个高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)种质为试材,在室内模拟35℃和45℃高温胁迫,测定了各高羊茅种质光合和叶绿素荧光参数,探讨高羊茅对高温胁迫的光合适应机制,并利用隶属函数法综合评价种质间耐热性强弱。研究结果表明,高温胁迫对光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响非常显著(P< 0.05)。随着高温胁迫强度的增加,各高羊茅种质的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光量子产量(Yield)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)等参数均呈下降趋势;而叶片非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)则呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。利用隶属函数法综合3个温度梯度下21个高羊茅种质的综合耐热D值,可以推测出各种质耐热性顺序为:Ⅲ-17> Ⅲ-3> Ⅱ-11> Ⅰ-17> Ⅰ-7> Ⅰ-4> Ⅳ-3> Ⅳ-2> 水城> Ⅱ-13> Ⅱ-10> Ⅰ-12> Ⅳ-1> Ⅳ-5> Ⅱ-3> 黔草1号> Ⅲ-8> Ⅲ-11> Ⅳ-4> Ⅰ-20> Ⅱ-15。     

不同环境温度下沼液养分在土壤中的淋失模拟研究

沼液因其养分利用率高,被广泛应用于农业生产中,而环境温度可通过影响土壤的物理化学性质,影响沼液养分的淋溶损失。试验采用土柱模拟法,研究了不同环境温度对土壤沼液养分淋溶的影响,旨在揭示不同季节土壤养分淋溶可能存在的差异,为生产中合理施用沼液提供理论依据。土柱规格为内径7.5 cm、高20 cm的聚氯乙烯(PVC)管,按每公顷施入0,130和260 kg N,设置每土柱沼液灌溉总量为0,200和400 mL。按当地年平均降雨量的70%计算实际浇灌量为1500 mL,分5次每隔6 d模拟不同降雨次数进行浇灌。沼液浇灌前用清水补足不足部分并混匀。土柱放置于20和30℃的温室培养,每次淋溶后收集土壤淋溶液,测定其全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、全钾、全磷、速效磷和电导率。结果表明,施用沼液后淋溶液中氮、磷、钾淋失量较清水对照显著增大,其中40 mL沼液水平下,全氮含量平均增加73%,全磷含量增加880%,全钾含量增加388%,且随着沼液用量的增加淋溶液中的养分浓度呈增加趋势。环境温度的提高增加了沼液养分在土壤中的淋溶损失,30℃时淋溶液中的硝态氮、全氮、全钾、全磷、速效磷含量及电导率整体高于20℃,其中全氮平均提高14.68%,全磷平均提高33.59%,全钾平均提高24.08%。整体而言,30℃下沼液养分较20℃时更易发生淋失。因此,在农业生产中,应适当减少夏季高温时的沼液施用次数,增加春秋季节施用次数,但沼液用量不要超过130 kg N/hm²,防止沼液养分大量流失,污染周边环境。     

饲料粉碎粒度和调质温度对肉鸡养分消化率及生长性能的影响

饲料制粒可以提高采食量和缩短采食时间,以提高肉鸡生长性能和饲料转化率.而原料的粉碎和调质是制粒过程中非常重要的环节,不仅直接影响到饲料的营养价值和肉鸡的消化吸收,还会影响加工成本和产品质量.粉碎粒度过大会导致混合不均匀、颗粒品质欠佳等不利影响,并且对动物的采食及采食后的物理性消化产生影响,粒度过小则会对动物健康产生不利影响.调质过程主要是使饲料受到水热作用,使其蛋白质变性、淀粉糊化等,调质温度是调质环节的关键参数,温度的高低对蛋白质变性及淀粉糊化程度有直接影响,从而间接影响到动物的生长性能和养分消化利用率.同时,调质温度过高会导致饲料中添加的酶制剂及维生素等严重失活,反而会降低饲料的营养价值.本文综述了肉鸡饲料粉碎粒度和调质温度的研究进展,阐述了粉碎粒度、调质温度与肉鸡生长性能和养分消化率的重要关系.     

温度对榴莲蜜一号生长的影响

以海南三亚和琼海地区3年生榴莲蜜一号植株为试验材料,研究不同月份的温度以及不同地区的温度对榴莲蜜一号生长的影响。结果表明,二地区的月平均温度与2级侧枝长度增长、2级侧枝叶片增长数和3级以上侧枝叶片增长数均呈现极显著和显著的正相关,即在适宜范围内,温度越高越能促进榴莲蜜侧枝的生长和叶片抽发。三亚地区榴莲蜜的树干直径较琼海地区粗3.18 cm,差异达极显著水平,而冠幅和株高的差异性则由于榴莲一号抗风性差、均通过修枝整形控制树型而未有显现。     

Evaluation of feeding spray-dried bovine plasma protein on production performance of laying hens exposed to high ambient temperatures

The purpose of this study was to evaluate feeding 2 levels of spray-dried bovine plasma protein (SDP) on production performance of laying hens subjected to high ambient temperatures. Two groups of 96 Hy-Line W-98 hens (38 wk of age) were housed in each of 2 environmentally controlled chambers. At 40 wk of age, all hens were fed 3 diet treatments consisting of (1) a control diet (0% SDP); (2) the control diet supplemented with 0.75% SDP; and (3) the control diet supplemented with 1.50% SDP. Hens in each chamber (8 cages of 4 hens per cage) were ad libitum fed 1 of each diet for 5 wk. The heat stress (HS) chamber was maintained at 21°C (wk 1), 29°C (wk 2), and 35°C (wk 3 to 5). The thermoneutral chamber was maintained at 21°C during wk 1 to 5. A significant main effect of week was observed for hens maintained in the HS chamber for egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and feed consumption, which resulted in acute heat stress causing a reduction in these parameters. Hens fed the 1.50% SDP diet in the HS chamber produced greater (P < 0.05) egg mass on average than hens fed the control or 0.75% SDP diet (wk 1 to 5). During the second week of acute HS (wk 4), hens fed the control and 1.50% SDP diets had greater (P < 0.05) egg production than those fed the 0.75% SDP diet. During wk 5, hens in the HS chamber that were fed the 1.50% SDP diet produced more (P < 0.05) eggs than those fed the control diet. Therefore, based on the results of this study, acute HS negatively affected short-term production performance. In addition, feeding hens an SDP-supplemented diet may have a slight positive effect on production performance when maintained in acute HS conditions.     

无糖奶啤的研制

奶啤是以鲜牛乳、麦芽、酒花为主要原料,利用二次生物发酵技术酿制的一种高附加值,低醇的高级乳制饮品。目前国内奶啤蔗糖含量高,市场上还没有无糖奶啤的产品,为了丰富奶啤的种类,本试验用木糖醇作为蔗糖替代品,研制出一款无糖的特色奶啤。在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面优化无糖奶啤的配方及工艺。结果表明,小麦料液比为1∶5（kg/L）,将麦芽料液进行糖化、过滤,投入0.2 g/L卡斯卡特啤酒花煮沸30 min,添加0.2 g/L捷克萨兹啤酒花煮沸45 min后,接入0.2%的艾尔酵母,20 ℃的条件下发酵5 天,然后与发酵乳（5∶1）混合,在28 ℃下后酵10 h后过滤,加入1‰的三氯蔗糖、5%木糖醇、0.3%复配乳化增稠剂,20 Mpa均质两次,灭菌后得到成品。在此工艺条件下,得到的无糖奶啤感官评分较高,酒香和乳香和谐一体,风味饱满。