湖南省退耕还林工程社会经济效益调查研究

调查结果显示：①农户家庭总收入和净收入退耕后2004年,分别增长41．54％、62．95％,且退耕后农户家庭收入结构也发生了一定的变化;②农户家庭生活和文化消费总支出退耕后2004年增长率分别为37．28％、51．17％,且退耕后农户家庭的生活和文化消费支出结构也发生了一定的变化;③恩格尔系数退耕后2004年下降了3．56％,说明退耕后农民的生活水平得到了进一步提高;④农户家庭就医率和适龄儿童入学率上升到了退耕后2004年的84.5％、97．8％;⑤生态环境建设在我省干部和农户心目中的地住逐渐提高,说明生态环境建设在我省干部和群众中奠定了坚实的民意基础,产生了较为深远的影响力。     

一种改进深度卷积神经网络的海岛识别方法

受不规律潮汐的影响,现有的海岛地物类别自动识别方法存在精度低和时效性差等问题,通过改进深度卷积神经网络提出了一种基于遥感影像的海岛快速识别方法:(1)在深度卷积神经网络的卷积层中增设1×1的卷积核作为瓶颈单元,对多波段的遥感影像进行降维;(2)在池化层引入了重采样方法,基于灰度值对海量的遥感影像进行特征压缩。以300景Landsat-8遥感影像为源数据,分别采用CNN、RCNN和本文改进的深度卷积神经网络对遥感影像中的海岛进行识别,实验结果表明:(1)改进的深度卷积神经网络降低了海岛识别的计算耗时,其计算耗时仅为CNN的4.56%和RCNN的5.60%;(2)改进的深度卷积神经网络较CNN和RCNN提高了海岛识别的精度,识别精度分别为96.0%、93.3%和95.0%。结果说明,改进的深度卷积神经网络适用于面向遥感影像的海岛自动识别。     

A proposal for enhanced EU herbage VCU and DUS testing procedures

Herbage production is regarded as having environment-friendly credentials. However, as the ruminant production it supports is facing major challenges on sustainability, environmental footprint and human health concerns, EU herbage cultivar testing must contribute to the solutions. Before new cultivars can be sold in a member state (MS) and gain EU-wide marketing, they must pass official tests to prove they are both novel (distinct, uniform and stable, DUS) with improved value for cultivation and use (VCU). Herbage species present specific challenges, as their allogamy imposes a wide within-cultivar variation that adds complexity to DUS tests and their “value” is only realized in ruminant produce. Current VCU systems measure production, chemical composition and disease/stress tolerances, often on large numbers of candidate cultivars, but prohibitive labour costs and logistics mean that animal intake, ruminant output or environmental benefits cannot be measured directly. Furthermore, some candidate cultivars with proven superior VCU fail DUS even though the non-distinct comparison is with a significantly lower performing registered cultivar. To resolve these problem cases, a “vmDUS” distinctness tool is proposed, which uses molecular markers but conforms to UPOV-declared principles. A short overview of current grassland research shows smart proxy measures of animal value can easily and quickly be adopted into an integrated pan-European (EU-VCU) test network. The proposed EU-VCU scheme will reallocate test resources to conduct these additional tests by placing MS in data sharing collaborations, while retaining their national listing authority. The benefits to all stakeholders from adopting these new testing procedures are considered.     

若干家蚕品种的复壮及比较试验

对浙江省夏秋蚕品种薪杭,白云,丰1和54A等进行了充血复壮改良,基本稳定后的复壮系与现行生产系进行了生产性能的比较试验。结果表明复壮系在各项性状都有一定的提高,其中龄期经过,各品种的复壮系与生产系之间差别不大,只有薪杭丙和白云丙稍有延长。全茧量和茧层量基本上复壮系都比生产系有所提高。生命率差异比较大,奠中薪杭的复壮系低下生产系,差异达到显著水平,白云复壮系略微低于白云甲,但高于白云乙,丰1的复壮系与生产系无明显差异,54A则是复壮系高于生产系。良卵数除薪杭丙比薪杭甲略低外,其他品种的复壮系都比生产系显著提高,有的甚至达到极显著水平。说明复壮系在生产性能上有较大的改良,有一定的推广应用价值。     

基于三阶段DEA模型的广东省财政支农效率评价与政策研究

[目的]分析广东省财政支农现状及问题,评价财政支农效率,为广东省提升财政支农资金使用效率及农业高质量发展提出政策建议.[方法]运用三阶段DEA模型对广东省2000—2018年及20个市2010—2018年的财政支农效率进行测度.[结果]广东省整体财政支农效率呈现出下降趋势,纯技术效率较高,但规模效率较低导致综合效率不高...     

Amelioration of a highly degraded tropical alfisol by planting I. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties 1989-91

This paper examines soil amelioration by planting 15 leguminous and graminaceous plant species, including herbaceous annuals, perennials and biennials, and woody perennials and biennials. Disturbed and undisturbed natural regrowth were planted with leguminous species, in some cases with fertilizer applied at planting (400 kg ha⁻¹ of 15:15:15 NPK). The studies were made on two highly degraded sites in southwestern Nigeria which had been subjected to intensive mechanized cropping for a period of 10 years. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties were monitored from 1989 to 1991. Acacia difficilis, Brachiaria lata and Mucuna utilis had the lowest survival rates by the following growing season. Soil fertility and compaction levels differed between sites. Planting had no effect on the latter. The decreases in compaction (i.e. macroporosity) between 0.00 and 0.10 m depth at both sites one month before and five and 17 months after planting were 43, 59 and 61 per cent, respectively were attributed to exclusion of heavy machinery from the sites. Large decreases in fertility occurred at both sites and were attributed to a combination of nutrient extraction and to leaching. Between fallow species, exchangeable Ca, pH and the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) were greater and total acids lower for herbaceous cover compared with woody perennials, and was attributed to a higher Ca demand by the latter. Highest and lowest values of Ca, CEC and pH occurred in plots where plant material was returned to the soil (i.e. by cutting or die-back) and in cropped plots, respectively. Natural regrowth was as effective or better than planted species in improving soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore the use of exotic plant species for ameliorating highly degraded alfisols is unnecessary. Amelioration of highly degraded alfisols may be best effected by allowing natural regrowth to occur while excluding all mechanized traffic from the site.     

The importance of reduced light intensity on the growth and development of six weed species

Crops limit light for photosynthesis and growth of weeds. We studied the effect of reduced light on performance of six weed species [one invasive species (Amsinckia micrantha), three common species (Veronica persica, Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Viola arvensis) and two less common weeds (Anagallis arvensis and Scleranthus annuus)]. In two glasshouse experiments, six light levels were achieved aiming at 0%, 20%, 50%, 80%, 90% and 95% reduction of light and corresponding with daily light integrals (DLI) of 12.4, 9.63, 7.13, 2.74, 0.95 and 0.69 mol m^?2 day^?1 in experiment 1 and 21.2, 18.0, 10.7, 3.71, 1.64 and 1.20 mol m^?2 day^?1 in experiment 2. The number of leaves was strictly controlled by DLI. Chlorophyll content index, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m), stomatal conductance, flowering and dry matter were strongly reduced when DLI was reduced to 0.69–3.71 mol m^?2 day^?1 for all species. Threshold DLI for flowering was ca. 3.71 mol m^?2 day^?1 for S. annuus, V. arvensis, A. arvensis and V. persica, while C. bursa‐pastoris deviated by flowering at DLI of 0.95 mol m^?2 day^?1. This may explain why C. bursa‐pastoris is common in the seedbank of Danish arable soils in spite of intensive farming with well‐fertilised and dense crops.     

Maize defence mechanisms against the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Maize is arguably the most widely grown crop in the world, but it is often associated with one of its major insect pests, the European corn borer (ECB). The damage caused by this species to maize production is generally variable, but in many cases it is economically significant. This review paper provides an overview of the research findings on the natural plant defence mechanisms against ECB larvae published till now. What is resistance and how it is achieved, what is the chemical response of maize plants to insect feeding and how tolerance can be increased. A short introduction in breeding for resistance and a discussion if the mentioned traits can be used in conventional breeding in order to create maize hybrids less affected by ECB are given.     

福建省内陆捕捞渔具的作业类型及其数量组成分析

本文根据2009年8月至12月福建省捕捞业渔具渔法普查资料,分析整理了福建内陆地区捕捞业渔具渔法现状调查数据.结果表明:福建内陆地区捕捞渔具有刺网类、钓具类、笼壶类、拖网类、张网类、陷阱类、耙刺类、地拉网类、敷网类、掩罩类、抄网类和杂渔具等12个类别、21种作业型式、渔具总数量123204张(个、顶等).按渔具类别划分...     

我国蓝色粮仓科技创新的发展思路与实施途径

蓝色粮仓建设对保障食物安全、推动经济发展、催生新兴产业、彰显国家权益、改善生态环境以及突破产业瓶颈具有重要意义。在当前科技和产业背景下,如何卓有成效地构建蓝色粮仓已成为社会各界关注的热点。本文明确了蓝色粮仓的概念和特点,分析了蓝色粮仓构建的必要性和可行性,提出了实现渔业产业由大国向强国跨越以及提升科技创新和产业发展能力的总体目标,从聚焦重大需求、构建科技创新链,坚持原创驱动、突破重大科学问题,强化集成示范、支撑产业健康持续发展等方面论述了实施途径,即按照基础研究、重大共性关键技术、典型应用示范全链条布局的要求,坚持生态优先谋划,陆海统筹布局,针对种质创制、健康养殖、资源养护、友好捕捞、流通加工五大产业类型需求,实施良种引领、空间拓展、技术升级、产业示范四大行动,建立智慧养殖、智能捕捞、绿色加工三大体系,满足优质蛋白供给和产业转型升级两大需求,最终构建中国特色的蓝色粮仓。