杉木种子园不同营建方式成本分析

本文以现金流、折现值、净现值为指标,引用动态经济评价方法,对湖南省会同县不同建园方式的杉木种子园前期成本进行对比分析。结果表明：新建园先在苗圃培育2年生容器砧木,第3年圃地嫁接,第4年移植至种子园,这种方式相对传统的在园区培育3年生砧木,第4年园区嫁接无性系的建园方式,30 hm2规模前4年投入少37.68万元,节约23.83%,净现值增加40.76万元,增加27.44%,建园方式的创新经济效益显著。     

基于食品召回成本模型的可追溯体系对食品召回成本的影响

针对我国食品召回过程中召回成本较大对企业召回积极性带来不利影响等问题,构建食品召回成本模型,测算建立可追溯体系和不可追溯体系下的食品召回量和召回成本,对比分析可追溯体系对食品召回成本的影响,并探究影响食品召回成本的主要因素。结果表明:在不可追溯体系下的食品召回成本是可追溯体系下召回成本的(m-1)倍(m为食品保质期),可追溯体系可极大减少召回成本;食品保质期、日产量、销售价格是影响食品召回成本的主要因素。     

机电设备安装工程造价的有效控制与管理措施分析探讨

文章通过对建筑工程造价的分析,介绍了机电工程安装的特点,并分析了影响机电设备安装工程造价的因素,总结出相对的控制方法和管理措施。     

推进福建农业转移人口市民化的经济学分析

有序推进农业转移人口市民化是经济与社会发展的必然要求。在加快转变发展方式、积极稳妥推进城镇化和统筹城乡发展的影响下,福建省持续推进农业转移人口市民化。从农业转移人口个人来看,农业转移人口市民化的决策可以视为一种投资行为,其考虑迁移城市至市民化与否的经济动因是进行成本收益因素分析,包括直接成本、机会成本、心理成本及收入收益、教育收益、医疗收益、文化收益。作为公共政府应该制定措施,降低市民化总成本,积极推进农业转移人口市民化进程,要以强制性制度创新,构建促进农业转移人口市民化的政策体系。     

The behavioural dynamics of fishers: management implications

In pursuing their livelihood, fishers develop strategies when faced with changes in regulations and other fishery conditions. Changes involve each individual in a decision‐making process governed by his/her own goals or constraints. Despite this reality, the complex dynamics of fishing has usually been ignored in designing management initiatives, which has contributed to management failures in many parts of the world. Fishers have generally been treated as fixed elements, with no consideration of individual attitudes based on their operating scales (geographical, ecological, social and economic) and personal goals. We review existing research on the social, economic and behavioural dynamics of fishing to provide insight into fisher behaviour and its implications for fisheries management. Emphasis is placed on fisher perception, and how fishers develop dynamic fishing tactics and strategies as an adaptive response to changes in resource abundance, environmental conditions and market or regulatory constraints. We conclude that knowledge of these dynamics is essential for effective management, and we discuss how such information can be collected, analysed and integrated into fisheries assessment and management. Particular emphasis is placed on small‐scale fisheries, but some examples from industrial fleets are provided to highlight similar issues in different types of fisheries.     

Longer migration not necessarily the costliest strategy for migrating humpback whales

1. Long‐distance migration is a demanding physical activity, and how well animals manage the associated costs will have important implications for their fitness.
2. The Oceania humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) population is recovering from past exploitation markedly slower than the neighbouring east Australian whales. The reasons for this are unknown, although higher energetic costs of longer migratory distances could be a possible explanation. Due to their fully aquatic lives, studying the energy expenditure of these large animals requires methods that do not rely on capturing the animal, such as bioenergetic models.
3. A state‐space model was fitted to satellite data to infer behavioural states for southern migrating whales. Travel speeds and behavioural states were used in a bioenergetic model to estimate the energetic cost of the migration phase. Relative differences in average duration, distance, and energetic costs were compared between migratory routes and distances.
4. Total energy used during migration was a trade‐off between cost of transport (determined by travel speed) and daily maintenance (determined by daily basal metabolic costs). Oceania whales migrating to the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas travelled fastest and furthest, 15 and 21% further than whales migrating to the d'Urville Sea (east Australian whales) and Ross Sea, respectively. Therefore, they had the highest cost of transport, 25 and 85% higher than for d'Urville Sea and Ross Sea whales, respectively. However, energy saved in terms of daily maintenance by using fewer days to complete a longer migration resulted in only a 6–7% increase in total energetic cost.
5. The results highlight that travelling further does not necessarily translate into an increase in total energy expenditure for migratory whales, since they can compensate for longer distance by travelling faster. Further research on the energetics of different whale populations could provide insight into the productivity of Southern Ocean feeding regions and help understand the environmental and anthropogenic effects on the whales' energy budgets.

     

浅议园林景观工程造价控制

针对园林景观工程造价难以控制的现状以及园林景观工程造价控制存在的问题，分析了影响园林景观工程造价的因素，分别对决策阶段、设计阶段、招标阶段、施工阶段以及竣工养护阶段提出了园林景现工程全过程造价控制的相应对策。     

新疆棉花优质高产节本增效栽培的途径

本研究依据新疆棉花生产面临的问题，提出了在保证优质高产前提下，从减少物质、机械、人工等方面的投入入手，简化栽培、节约成本、增加效益。     

螺旋插补铣在加工多孔盘类零件中的应用

传统的盘类加工工艺方法在加工此类Q345材质零件时，刀具成本较高，生产效率低。通过生产实例的加工工艺，证明了螺旋插补铣在孔加工中的低刀具成本优势与高的生产效率。     

基于社会成本理论的目的地居民旅游感知比较研究——以河南省万仙山风景区内南坪、郭亮、水磨3个村落为例

通过对河南省万仙山风景区内南坪、郭亮、水磨3个村落居民旅游影响感知的比较研究,发现景区内旅游参与程度高的村落对旅游经济、社会积极影响感知较为强烈,对当地发展旅游业也持积极支持态度;反之,旅游参与程度不高的村落由于承担了旅游业发展的大量社会成本,没有得到相应的补偿,对旅游经济、社会积极影响感知微弱,对当地发展旅游业表现出不支持或漠然的态度。对环境消极影响的感知则表现为旅游参与程度越低的村落越强烈。发挥政府干预作用,降低旅游企业社会成本,对社会成本的分担者予以一定的补偿,是促使目的地社区居民积极支持旅游业,实现当地旅游业可持续发展的重要途径。