栽培因子对棉花烂铃影响的数学模型研究

试验采用二次正交旋转组合设计，对安徽沿江棉区棉花的移栽密度、施氮量、施磷钾肥量、去早蕾数及喷缩节安量与棉花烂铃的关系进行了定性定量的研究，建立了棉花烂铃率和烂铃指数对５项栽培因子反应的数学模型，并对模型进行检验和解析。结果表明，模型极显著，并与实际相吻合，５项栽培因子对棉花烂铃存在显著或极显著的影响，同时因子间存在着互作效应。此模型可作为近似气候年份棉花烂铃的预测模式。     

降雨对黄土裸坡坡面形态影响的室内模型试验

黄土高原坡面的侵蚀主要发生在降雨集中的6-9月,坡面会遭到严重破坏,更甚者造成滑坡.建立了黄土裸坡的室内模型并模拟人工降雨,通过综合监测来观察降雨过程中坡面形态的变化并分析降水人渗对黄土滑坡的影响.试验结果表明:(1)降水入渗速率由快到慢;径流量/入渗量的值随时间先增长,再减小,最后稳定;坡顶的降水入渗速率始终大于坡面;(2)坡顶首先产生贯通的拉裂缝,然后坡体内部产生局部微小竖向裂缝,位移方向为坡顶下方竖直向下,坡面下方略大于45°;(3)坡面侵蚀经历了“片蚀-沟蚀一沟间坡面面蚀向深切和侧蚀发展”的过程,最终沟岸发生崩塌,坡面因受侵蚀呈整体下降趋势;(4)坡面崩滑从坡趾处自下而上发展.     

土地利用和气候变化对四川省紫色丘陵区径流泥沙变化的影响研究

嘉陵江紫色丘陵区的土壤侵蚀是造成该流域下游水土流失严重的主要根源.选取四川省紫色丘陵区的李子溪流域为研究区,根据反映“长治”工程实施前后的1986,1999和2001年影像数据,应用GIS技术解译得到了该流域3个时期的土地利用图,并利用SWAT模型对这3个时期的土地利用情形进行了产流产沙模拟.在1986年土地利用图的基础上,假设了7种不同土地利用情景以及9种不同气候组合,以评价土地利用变化和不同气候条件对李子溪流域径流泥沙的影响.研究结果表明:(1) 1989年实施“长治”工程后,林地面积持续增加,水田、旱地面积持续减少,且林地增加的面积主要来自于水田和旱地;(2)林地覆盖率增加,耕地减少的土地利用变化对流域产流产沙量的减小影响显著,说明了“长治”工程实施后,以退耕还林和植树造林为主的理措施具有水土保持作用,且在大于25°的坡耕地上实施退耕还林措施对减少地表径流,拦截泥沙效果更显著.     

昆明市云龙水库径流区氮磷非点源污染负荷分析

云龙水库是昆明市最大的城市集中式饮用水源地。水源区农业非点源污染是影响水库水质的主要来源,因此分析水库径流区氮磷非点源污染负荷与来源构成,可为饮用水源区水质保护提供科学依据。采用输出系数模型法,对昆明市云龙水库径流区氮、磷负荷的产生量与入库量进行了估算。结果表明:(1)云龙水库径流区氮、磷非点源污染负荷产生量分别为2079.8和454.32t/a,入库量分别为207.98和24.73t/a。(2)从不同乡镇分析,撒营盘镇的氮、磷负荷产生量最高,云龙乡和茂山镇产出量较低,其余乡镇产生量相近。(3)从不同污染源类型分析,该区非点源污染的主要污染源为农村生活污染和畜禽粪便污染。     

Assessing eddy-covariance flux tower location bias across the Fluxnet-Canada Research Network based on remote sensing and footprint modelling

We describe an approach for evaluating the representativeness of eddy covariance flux measurements and assessing sensor location bias (SLB) based on footprint modelling and remote sensing. This approach was applied to the 12 main sites of the Fluxnet-Canada Research Network (FCRN)/Canadian Carbon Program (CCP) located along an east-west continental-scale transect, covering grassland, forest, and wetland biomes. For each site, monthly and annual footprint climatologies (i.e. monthly or annual cumulative footprints) were calculated using the Simple Analytical Footprint model on Eulerian coordinates (SAFE). The resulting footprint climatologies were then overlaid on to images of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) derived from LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, which were used as surrogates of land surface fluxes to estimate SLB. Results indicate that (i) the sizes of annual footprint climatology increased exponentially with increasing cumulative footprint percentages and, for a given percentage of footprint climatology, the footprint areas were significantly different among the sites. Typically, the 90% annual footprint climatology areas varied from 1.1 km² to 5.0 km²; (ii) using either NDVI or EVI as the flux surrogate, the SLB was less than 5% for most sites with respect to the reference area of interest (A_r) at 90% annual footprint climatology (scenario A) and a circular area with radius of 1 km centred at the individual tower (scenario B), with several exceptions; (iii) the SLB decreased with increasing size of footprint climatology for all sites for both scenarios A and B; (iv) out of 12, eight flux towers represented most of the ecosystem surrounding the towers for an area of 0.3 km² up to 10 km² with a satisfactorily low bias of <5%, whereas four towers represented areas ranging from only 0.75 to 4 km²; and (v) the seasonal differences in monthly SLB using NDVI as a flux surrogate were about 1-4% for most sites for both scenarios A and B.     

Evaluation of a radiosity based light model for greenhouse cucumber canopies

Light distribution is a key factor of developmental and growth processes, and strongly depends on the foliage distribution which is affected, e.g., by the arrangement of the plants in the canopy. The precise simulation of the light distribution on organ level is an essential component for dynamical plant models which incorporate structural and physiological adaptions of plants to their environment. Combinations of static 3D plant models with 3D light models are used for analyzing the complex light distribution on leaf level in silico, but detailed measurements for evaluation of simulation results are almost non-existent. This study addressed the evaluation of a model on a high level of detail using individual leaf based light measurements in canopies of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). We combined a static 3D plant model derived from digitized plants on an individual organ scale with a mock-up of the surrounding canopy and a 3D radiosity based light distribution model. Variations of plant density and spacing were analyzed to cover a range of canopy architectures. An exclusion of components of the light environment by applying a shading encasement followed by a successive uncovering allowed investigating the scene under increasing levels of complexity. The combined 3D plant-light distribution approach allowed determining the interaction of the light directions and the canopy architecture as well as differences in the accuracy of the simulations. Depending on canopy architecture and shading treatment, the light distributions covered a range from exponentially shaped vertical gradients in encased treatments to nearly flat light profiles in nonencased conditions. In conclusion, simulations of leaf level PAR based on combinations of detailed 3D surfaced-based plant and light distribution models are suitable to derive light-induced physiological responses on organ level.     

基于机器视觉的果肉多类型异物识别方法

该文基于机器视觉技术对果冻、罐头灌装前的多品种、多规格、湿态反光果肉进行多类型异物自动检测。根据果肉与异物的颜色和亮度差异大小,提出了对高饱和度彩色果肉采用基于HSI三分量独立性的彩色图像分割算法,对低饱和度彩色果肉采用以形态学边缘检测算法为核心的异物识别图像处理路线。然后采用图像分区,各区域独立计数判断有无异物的策略。对上述路线和策略,分别给出具体流程和算法,最后编程实现,并通过试验验证。试验结果表明,该方法能够有效地检测出多品种湿态块状果肉上的多类型异物,误检率小于5%,能满足实时生产检测准确性要求。     

我国农田总氮流失影响因素分析

利用第一次全国农业污染源普查的70个样本数据,对农田非点源污染总氮（TN）流失系数与6个影响因素间的关系进行相关和回归分析。结果表明,土地利用方式X3、土壤质地X4、施氮量X5、年降雨量X64个因素对农田TN流失系数有显著影响。由标准化回归系数得知,各因素对流失系数影响的大小顺序为X6〉X5〉X3〉X4。在此基础上所建立的我国农田TN流失系数的回归方程为Y=-5.3＋0.28X6＋0.017X5＋4.563X3＋0.088X4,通过16个文献数据对该模型进行验证,结果显示该模型具有很好的预测能力,可用于我国不同地域农田TN流失系数的估算。     

基于主题图的农业模型描述与表示方法

为了提升不同学科模型资源的共享与管理能力,提出了一种新的农业模型描述与表示方法。它以模型组件描述信息为元数据来生成不同层次主题图。首先分析农业模型特征,建立农业模型与模型组件之间的映射关系;然后,抽取农业模型组件刻面与关联描述信息,构建了农业模型组件描述模型（DM-AMC）,进一步将DM-AMC表示为主题类型、关联类型、事件类型以及关联角色;最后,通过实例化并采用匹配融合算法生成了面向农业模型组件的主题图（TM-AMC）。研究以作物生育期模型为例,生成了统一描述与可动态扩展的原子主题图XTM文档。通过对农业模型信息的统一描述,并以DM-AMC为基础生成多层次、便于统一访问的TM-AMC,可提升农业模型信息的全局共享与管理能力。     

河北省农用地质量空间格局的计量地理分析

在农用地分等成果的基础上,采用GIS技术、计量地理学分析相结合的方法,对河北省农用地资源质量的空间格局进行定量研究:从河北省不同指标控制区农用地资源质量的多样性、集中度、均匀度、优势度等分布特点来看,河北省农用地质量空间格局呈现从东南到西北方向上的递变规律,即东南部平原区农用地资源质量各等别面积比例较为平衡均一,而西北部坝上地区集中程度较高;同时针对各指标控制区农用地资源质量结构提出各区土地利用的方向,为河北省农用地资源的合理利用提供科学依据;最后对影响农用地质量空间分布的气候、地形地貌等自然因素影响及人类活动的干扰作用进行分析.