Bats as the main prey of wintering long‐eared owl (Asio otus) in Beijing: Integrating biodiversity protection and urban management

The loss of biodiversity from urbanized areas is a major environmental problem challenging policy‐makers throughout the world. Solutions to this problem are urgently required in China. We carried out a case study of wintering long‐eared owls (Asio otus) and their main prey to illustrate the negative effects of urbanization combined with ineffective conservation of biodiversity in Beijing. Field monitoring of owl numbers at two roosting sites from 2004 to 2012 showed that the owl population had fallen rapidly in metropolitan Beijing. Analysis of pellet contents identified only seven individuals of two species of shrew. The majority of mammalian prey comprised four bat and seven rodent species, making up 29.3% and 29.5% of the prey items, respectively. Prey composition varied significantly among years at the two sample sites. At the urban site the consumption of bats and rodents declined gradually over time, while predation on birds increased. In contrast, at the suburban site the prey composition showed an overall decrease in the number of bats, a sharp increase and a subsequent decrease in bird prey, and the number of rodent prey fell to a low point. Rapid development of real estate and inadequate greenfield management in city parks resulted in negative effects on the bird and small mammal habitat of urban areas in Beijing. We suggest that measures to conserve biodiversity should be integrated into future urban planning to maintain China's rich biodiversity while also achieving sustainable economic development.     

2种抗光肩星天牛杨树树皮和木质部生化物质分析

以新疆杨和沙林杨为对象,检测其在未受害和受害状态下树皮和木质部的生化物质含量或活性,从生化角度探讨2树种的抗虫机制。结果表明,未受害新疆杨树皮糖含量最高,受害沙林杨木质部糖含量最低;蛋白含量在受害新疆杨木质部最高,在未受害沙林杨木质部最低。在未受害情况下,沙林杨树皮中槲皮苷和白杨甙含量均高于在新疆杨树皮中的含量,而亚麻木酚素和类黄酮含量均低于在新疆杨树皮中的含量;沙林杨木质部的总酚含量高于在新疆杨木质部的含量。受害后,除单宁和类黄酮外,其他次生代谢物在沙林杨树皮中的含量均显著低于新疆杨树皮中的含量;沙林杨木质部的毛蕊花糖苷含量显著高于新疆杨木质部,白杨甙和总酚苷则相反。防御酶类测定结果显示,未受害沙林杨树皮中的SOD酶活性低于新疆杨中的活性,而PPO酶相反。受害后,沙林杨树皮中的PAL和木质部的PPO酶活性分别显著低于在新疆杨树皮和木质部中的活性;沙林杨树皮中的SOD活性显著低于其在木质部的活性;POD酶在沙林杨受害树皮中的活性最高,在受害木质部中的活性也显著高于在未受害木质部中的活性。因此,沙林杨树皮和木质部中的POD和SOD酶与防御天牛危害有关,新疆杨受害木质部中的PAL和PPO酶升高与光肩星天牛的钻蛀有关。     

基于双阶段注意力机制和LSTM的鸡舍氨气浓度预测算法

为寻求准确的鸡舍氨气浓度预测方法,构建基于双阶段注意力机制和长短时记忆神经网络(Long shortterm memory,LSTM)的鸡舍氨气浓度预测模型,将该模型应用于山东省商河县某蛋鸡养殖场,采集二氧化碳(CO_2)、氧气(O_2)和氨气(NH_3)的体积分数,细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))质量浓度,温度,相对湿度时间序列数据对模型进行验证,并与支持向量回归(Support vector regression,SVR)、人工神经网络(Artificial neural network,ANN)模型和无注意力机制的LSTM模型对比研究。结果表明:1)不同时间窗口T下NH_3体积分数预测精度不同。T∈{2,3,4,8}时,均方根误差(Root mean square error,RMSE)分别为0.433 4,0.394 8,0.379 9和0.405 1μL/L,平均绝对误差(Mean absolute error,MAE)分别为0.267 4,0.262 9,0.228 9和0.272 4μL/L;2)基于双阶段注意力机制和LSTM的鸡舍NH_3浓度预测模型在RMSE和MAE评价指标框架下优于SVR、ANN和无注意力机制的LSTM模型。基于双阶段注意机制和LSTM的模型能较好地对鸡舍氨气浓度进行预测,可为鸡舍氨气浓度预测及调控提供技术支持。     

不同断奶日龄对奶公犊生长性能和体尺指标的影响

30头新生荷斯坦奶公犊出生日期和体重相近,随机分成6组,对照组按常规饲喂鲜牛奶,60日龄断奶;各试验组分别于10、20、30、40和50日龄断奶,试验期为60d。结果表明:试验结束时,20日龄断奶组、30日龄断奶组的体重、平均日增重均显著高于对照组,40日龄断奶组、50日龄断奶组与对照组间无明显差异;各试验组犊牛与对照组在体长和体斜长上无显著差异。     

双峰驼乳和牛乳中长链多不饱和脂肪酸质量浓度测定

采用国标法检测8份新疆双峰驼乳和7份荷斯坦牛乳中5种长链多不饱和脂肪酸的质量浓度和质量分数。结果表明：新疆双峰驼乳中亚油酸（LA）、α-亚麻酸（ALA）、花生四烯酸（ARA）、二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）的平均质量浓度分别为142.99、18.09、9.83、1.51和1.30 mg/100 g,各种脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比率依次为2.88%、0.37%、0.20%、0.031%和0.026%;荷斯坦牛乳中LA、ALA、ARA、EPA和DHA的平均质量浓度分别为88.37、5.13、6.57、0.69和4.24 mg/100 g,各种脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比率依次为2.86%、0.17%、0.21%、0.023%和0.14%。     

Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus

ABSTRACT: The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome for the Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus (Teleostei: Clupeiformes) was determined. The entire genome was purified by gene amplification using the long polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, and products were subsequently used as templates for PCR with 56 fish-versatile primers that amplify contiguous, overlapping segments of the entire genome. Direct sequencing of the PCR products demonstrated that the genome (16 675 base pairs [bp]) contained the same 37 mitochondrial genes (two ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA and 13 protein-coding genes) as those found in other vertebrates, with the gene order being identical to that in typical vertebrates. A major non-coding region between the tRNA^Pro and tRNA^Phe genes (1024 bp) was considered to be the control (D-loop) region, as it has several conservative blocks characteristic to this region.     

中华绒螯蟹副性征的研究

在解剖、测量性成熟和未成熟中华绒螯蟹外部形态和性腺之基础上,试用“双百分率法”和“差异显著性检测法”对中华绒螯蟹的副性征进行了研究。结果表明,性成熟后的雌、雄中华绒螯蟹均具有较明显的副性征。     

Analysis of series of variety trials with perennial crops

Field trials with perennial crops give rise to repeated measurements taken on the same plot on several occasions. It is important to account for serial correlation among repeated measurements in such trials. This study illustrates the use of mixed models for this purpose. We consider the analysis of trials conducted at several locations and the combination of trials with different starting years. A key issue in the analysis is the distinction between effects of calendar years, which are associated with external environmental variation, and harvest years, which represent internal yield formation processes of the perennial crop. Two methods of two‐stage analysis are compared with single‐stage analysis. It is shown that results of two‐stage analysis are very similar to those of single‐stage analysis, if serial correlation is properly taken into account. Program code for the MIXED procedure of the SAS system is given in an Appendix S1 for all considered cases.     

Impact of novel endophytes in perennial ryegrass on herbage production and insect pests from pastures under dairy cow grazing in northern New Zealand

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with a novel endophyte (AR37 or AR1), Wild‐type endophyte or no endophyte (Nil) was sown with white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in autumn 2005. The pastures were rotationally grazed by dairy cows from 2005–2009. Annual dry matter (DM) yield did not differ but AR37 pastures had a higher ryegrass tiller density, especially after the 2008 summer drought (+130%), and less white clover than did AR1 pastures. Concentrations of alkaloids produced by the Wild‐type association (lolitrem B, ergovaline) followed the same seasonal trends as did the AR37 alkaloids (epoxy‐janthitrems) but summer drought reduced concentrations of lolitrem B and epoxy‐janthitrems to less than half the mid‐summer (February) peak concentrations in the other years. Insect pests were monitored annually between 2006 and 2009. Tiller damage by Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel)) was significantly reduced by all endophyte treatments. African black beetle (Heteronychus arator (F.)) populations in soil samples increased during the experiment with Nil > AR1 > Wild‐type = AR37. Root aphid (Aploneura lentisci (Pass.)) infestations followed the pattern AR1 > Nil > Wild‐type = AR37. A lower pest pressure from all insect pests in AR37 pastures is likely to have contributed to this treatment having the highest ryegrass tiller densities.