Diversity of polyporous fungi (Polyporaceae) in northern boreal forests: effects of forest site type and logging intensity

The effects of forest site type and logging intensity on polyporous fungi were studied in subxeric, mesic and herb-rich forests and spruce mires in northern Finland. The species richness of polypores did not follow the fertility gradient of the site types, but was connected with the amount and diversity of coarse woody debris (CWD). The total number of species, and the numbers of indicator and threatened species were equal in subxeric pine forests and in more fertile spruce-dominated stands. The species composition of pine-dominated forests differed conspicuously from that of spruce-dominated site types. The total number of species was not affected by logging intensity, but no virgin forest species or threatened species were found on the sites where the number of cut stumps exceeded 150 stumps ha^?1. Increasing logging intensity decreased the number of polypore observations, indicating reduced substrate availability. The results stress the importance of protecting not only fertile spruce-dominated stands, but also poorer, pine-dominated forests, and sites with high and diverse CWD content.     

Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the amount of deadwood on clear-cuts

Forest residue left after clear-cutting is increasingly being used as biofuel in Sweden. Deadwood is an important habitat for many species and a crucial resource for forest biodiversity. On eight clear-cuts in eastern central Sweden, the amount of Picea abies (L.) Karst. deadwood left on the ground was compared with the amount collected in piles for fuelwood extraction. It was found that 65% of the volume, 77% of the surface area and 84% of the pieces of slash were to be extracted. In another study on 23 clear-cuts in the same region, it was found that 36% of the logs left outside piles after clear-cutting were later removed. These studies indicate that a considerable amount of potential substrate is lost during slash extraction.     

Energy wood resources availability and delivery cost in Northwest Russia

Availability of solid by-products from wood harvesting and mechanical wood processing was estimated as sources for energy production based on recent actual harvesting, sawmill, and plywood production in Northwest Russia at 30 million m³. Nearly 70% of the energy wood, 20 million m³, was from harvesting, consisting of non-industrial round wood, unused branches and tops, defective wood resulting from logging, and spruce stumps removed after final felling. Over 30%, 10 million m³, of the available volume was from sawmills and plywood mills, i.e. wood chips, sawdust, and bark. Due to current low utilization of energy wood for bioenergy in Northwest Russia, delivery cost of energy wood to the potential border-crossing points in Finland was analyzed for three means of transport: railways, roadways, and waterways. Nearly 28 million m³ of the energy wood could be transported by railways and 2 million m³ by roadways and waterways. The costs were lowest by roadways from the nearby border areas (10–15 €/m³ for wood processing by-products and 16–22 €/m³ for forest chips). The costs by railways varied from 12 to 27 €/m³ on shorter distances to 47–58 €/m³ on longer distances. Waterway transportation was the most expensive, about 28–48 €/m³. It should be emphasized that we have estimated availability and delivery costs of energy wood, not prices which are defined by the market based on supply and demand.     

Costs for thinning and final felling operations in Sweden, 2000–2017

ABSTRACT

Wood supply is one of the most significant cost items for most forest industries, and costs of forest operations and sale prices of wood is vital information for forest owners. Cost trends between 2000 and 2017 in Swedish forestry is analysed, separately for final felling and thinning, and subdivided into ordinary and salvage operations. Data on costs for operations totalling 821 million m³ harvested roundwood were analysed, both as actual costs and after adjustment for the consumer price index. Adjusted costs for ordinary harvesting operations declined between 2000 and 2007, increased during 2008 and 2009 and have since been relatively constant. Costs of salvage logging operations performed as thinning were 21% higher than ordinary thinning, and when performed as final felling costs were 64% higher than in ordinary final felling. The relative logging cost trends in Sweden and Finland were similar during the period, and there are similarities with the US. However, while logging costs in Sweden and Finland increased in 2008 and 2009, they declined in the US and did not reach the same relative level as in Sweden until 2013. Results can be used for benchmarking logging costs between regions or larger buyers of logging services.     

通过信息技术提升西部森林旅游的途径探讨

随着西部大开发战略和可持续发展战略逐步推进,森林旅游业成为西部地区在森林资源保护和生态环境建设前提下发展经济的重要产业.建设网络电视传播中心、网络景区预览中心、网络真人导游中心和定位向导服务中心,是利用现代信息技术提升和改造传统森林旅游产业的重要途径.该文从功能描述和服务方式两个方面详细介绍了这些中心的构成要素.      

瓠瓜耐湿涝相关根系性状遗传规律及分子标记筛选

以耐湿涝瓠瓜材料JZS和不耐湿涝材料T2002及其杂交F2群体为材料,选择湿涝条件下不定根数目作为耐湿涝鉴定指标,分析瓠瓜耐湿涝特性遗传规律,并采用集团混合分离分析法筛选相关分子标记。结果表明,瓠瓜亲本JZS的耐湿涝特性由1对显性单基因控制,F1的不定根数目比耐湿涝亲本JZS增多,表现出超亲优势。在600个RAPD和100对瓠瓜SSR引物中,共有18个引物(14个RAPD和4对SSR)在双亲中显示多态性。最终筛选到瓠瓜SSR引物S87/88,在双亲及基因池间稳定扩增出片段大小为230 bp的差异条带。通过F2153个单株验证,确定表型调查耐湿涝结果与分子标记S87/88鉴定结果相关性极显著(相关系数0.78),利用Mapmaker 3.0软件对分子标记与表型结果进行连锁分析,S87/88与瓠瓜耐湿涝相关的不定根数目基因的连锁距离为8.8 cM,为进一步利用分子辅助育种加速耐湿涝瓠瓜新品种的选育提供有效标记。     

不同深松方式与氮肥运筹对玉米生长发育及光合特性的影响

选用郑单958为材料,研究不同深松方式和氮肥运筹对玉米生长发育及光合特性的影响.结果表明,深松后玉米生育后期维持较高叶面积指数(LAI)时间较长,延缓了叶片衰老,促进了干物质积累,不同深松处理间差异不明显;增加氮肥施用次数LAI下降减缓,干物质积累量的峰值减小;隔行深松与行行深松均提高玉米叶片的最大净光合速率,较不深松分别提高9.93％和2.12％.在施氮次数处理中,1/3氮肥于苗期作种肥、2/3于拔节期作追肥施入处理净光合速率最大;深松处理间产量差异不显著,增加氮肥施用次数增产效果十分显著;深松方式与等量氮肥施用次数间存在显著交互效应,隔行深松且施氮以种肥、拔节肥、灌浆肥各占总量1/3的处理产量最高,分别较不深松且氮肥作种肥一次施用和作种肥与拔节肥两次施用增产43.91％、17.37％.     

Implementing Sustainable Forest Management Using Six Concepts in an Adaptive Management Framework

Certification and principles, criteria and indicators (PCI) describe desired ends for sustainable forest management (SFM) but do not address potential means to achieve those ends. As a result, forest owners and managers participating in certification and employing PCI as tools to achieving SFM may be doing so inefficiently: achieving results by trial-and-error rather than by targeted management practices; dispersing resources away from priority objectives; and passively monitoring outcomes rather than actively establishing quantitative goals. In this literature review, we propose six concepts to guide SFM implementation. These concepts include: Best Management Practices (BMPs)/Reduced Impact Logging (RIL), biodiversity conservation, forest protection, multi-scale planning, participatory forestry, and sustained forest production. We place these concepts within an iterative decision-making framework of planning, implementation, and assessment, and provide brief definitions of and practices delimited by each concept. A case study describing SFM in the neo-tropics illustrates a potential application of our six concepts. Overall our paper offers an approach that will help forest owners and managers implement the ambiguous SFM concept.     

Contras and Comandantes

Summary

In the 1980s, Nicaragua's Sandinista government faced armed mestizo and indigenous insurgencies in much of the nation's central and eastern regions. After the Sandinistas lost the 1990 elections, the in-coming government signed peace agreements with the insurgents and facilitated their return to civilian life. With the war over, the Nicaraguan army greatly reduced its troop strength, leaving tens of thousands of people unemployed. Within a few years, however, many former insurgents and soldiers took up arms again for multiple and complex reasons. This paper examines how three groups that rearmed influenced forest conservation in the buffer zone of Nicaragua's Bosawas Biosphere Reserve between 1991 and 1999. The three groups were the mestizo Northern Front 3-80 (FN 3-80) and the Andrés Castro United Forces (FUAC), made up of former ‘Nicaraguan Resistance’ and Sandinista soldiers respectively, and the Miskito YATAMA movement. The presence of these armed groups impeded the government from taking coercive action to remove farmers from the reserve's nucleus. It also limited the advance of cattle ranching. At times, the groups favored logging, at times they did not. The armed conflicts have tended to keep out prudent foreign investors and encourage the presence of smaller companies willing to take greater risks.     

重瓣榆叶梅茎段组织培养体系的建立

以重瓣榆叶梅带腋芽的茎段作为试验材料,研究了不同外植体消毒方式、初代培养基激素配比和生根培养基激素配比对重瓣榆叶梅组织培养的影响。结果表明:1)先用75%酒精处理30 s,再使用0.1%升汞溶液消毒8 min或以2%次氯酸钠溶液消毒12 min,外植体感染率最低;2)茎段初代培养最佳培养基为MS+6-BA2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L,诱导率为89.30%;3)最佳增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+KT1.0 mg/L,增殖倍数为4.4,且生长状况良好;4)1/2MS+IBA 0.2 mg/L为最佳生根培养基;5)该研究建立了重瓣榆叶梅组培再生体系,为工厂化育苗与大面积推广奠定了基础。