Inspiring Change in Vermont and Beyond

In this speech, Travis Marcotte, Executive Director of the Intervale Center, shares the Center's innovation and leadership over the past 25+ years, from agricultural land reclamation, community-supported agriculture, riparian restoration, and large-scale composting to farm incubation, food hubs, community celebrations of local food, and more. Travis also shares how the Center is responding to climate change, healing the environment, and connecting people to good food and the profound benefits of a healthier food system.     

世界主要农业发达地区农产品追溯体系发展现状

确保安全和提升品质是现阶段世界范围内农产品的两大主题。基于现代信息科技及物联网技术的农产品追溯机制主要涉及两方面功用,一方面通过将供应链的相关信息透明化,最大程度降低生产者和消费者之间的信息不对称;另一方面通过在农产品供应链上下游实现追踪和溯源两大功能,推进农产品安全责任制,迎合了人们对农产品安全和品质的需求,引起了世界范围内的广泛重视,纷纷予以推动和实施。该文从追溯法律与法规、标准与规范、推动与实施3个层面阐述了欧美、日韩及台湾等世界主要农业发达地区农产品追溯体系的推进和最新发展情况,在列举典型追溯系统实例的基础上对比分析并总结了各自发展的特点,指出综合与精简是农产品追溯体系的发展方向,最后从机构、立法、标准、实施、验证等多个角度对中国农产品追溯体系的进一步发展、推广与深化提出建议,以期真正发挥追溯体系效用、守护国人健康。     

Computation of Three-Dimensional Temperature Distribution and Thermal Analysis to Integrated Circuit Substrates

The exact three di me nsional temperatu re distribution and thermal analysiS to inte-grated circuit substrates have been presen ted by means of numerical method of a fin ite difference.Thismethed.which will overcome the di fficuItv of mathematical deduction mav be consltieredas an analytical way aided by com puters for thermal design of electron ic compon ents.     

农村基层档案的利用价值及服务模式探讨

农村基层档案是地方文献的重要组成部分,它以地方文献服务模式的特点,服务于中国农村研究的各个领域,对中国农村政治、农村经济、农村文化、农村历史的研究有着重要的学术价值。     

Spatial variation of soil test phosphorus in a long‐term grazed experimental grassland field

The spatial variation of soil test P (STP) in grassland soils is becoming important because of the use of STP as a basis for policies such as the recently EU‐introduced Nitrate Directive. This research investigates the spatial variation of soil P in grazed grassland plots with a long‐term (38 y) experiment. A total of 326 soil samples (including 14 samples from an adjacent grass‐wood buffer zone) were collected based on a 10 × 10 m² grid system. The samples were measured for STP and other nutrients. The results were analyzed using conventional statistics, geostatistics, and a geographic information system (GIS). Soil test P concentrations followed a lognormal distribution, with a median of 5.30 mg L^–1 and a geometric mean of 5.35 mg L^–1. Statistically significant (p < 0.01) positive correlation between STP and pH was found. Spatial clusters and spatial outliers were detected using the local Moran's I index (a local indicator of spatial association) and were mapped using GIS. An obvious low‐value spatial‐cluster area was observed on the plots that received zero‐P fertilizer application from 1968 to 1998 and a large high‐value spatial‐cluster area was found on the relatively high‐P fertilizer application plots (15 kg ha^–1 y^–1). The local Moran's I index was also effective in detecting spatial outliers, especially at locations close to spatial‐cluster areas. To obtain a reliable and stable spatial structure, semivariogram of soil‐P data was produced after elimination of spatial outliers. A spherical model with a nugget effect was chosen to fit the experimental semivariogram. The spatial‐distribution map of soil P was produced using the kriging interpolation method. The interpolated distribution map was dominated by medium STP values, ranging from 3 mg to 8 mg L^–1. An evidently low‐P‐value area was present in the upper side of the study area, as zero or short‐term P fertilizer was applied on the plots. Meanwhile, high‐P‐value area was located mainly on the plots receiving 15 kg P ha^–1 y^–1 (for 38 y) as these plots accumulated excess P after a long‐term P‐fertilizer spreading. The high‐ or low‐value patterns were in line with the spatial clusters. Geostatistics, combined with GIS and the local spatial autocorrelation index, provides a useful tool for analyzing the spatial variation in soil nutrients.     

LOCAL PERCEPTIONS OF WOODY VEGETATION DYNAMICS IN THE CONTEXT OF A ‘GREENING SAHEL’: A CASE STUDY FROM BURKINA FASO

After decades of drought in the Sahel, several studies have reported a ‘(re)greening’ of the area. However, most of these studies were based on large scale climatological or remotely sensed observations, with little or no ground truthing. The aim of this study was to assess the local perceptions of the distribution of socio‐economically important tree species in the Sub‐Sahel of Burkina Faso. Semi‐structured interviews were performed with 87 groups of informants from 20 villages belonging to three ethnic groups (Mossi, Fulani and Samo). Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to compare perceptions between the targeted ethnic groups. According to the locals, more than 80 per cent of the 90 listed species were declining, with over 40 per cent identified as threatened, including numerous plants of great economic value. Increasing species were mostly drought‐tolerant plants such as Balanites aegyptiaca. A few species were listed as locally extinct. Gender and age did not significantly affect local knowledge, whereas ethnicity did. The major causes of species decline were identified to be drought, deforestation and bushfires. In all ethnic groups, informants observed a southward shift in species distribution. Local perceptions suggest a general decline in woody vegetation. Thus, the alleged (re)greening in the Sahel might not have reversed the degradation of woody species in the area. Data derived from local ecological knowledge were consistent with that of many ecological studies, suggesting the reliability of people's knowledge for obtaining ecological data. Information from this study can be used as baseline for conservation of species identified as threatened. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

结合地方茶产业的农业高职茶果专业教学改革探索

随着我国职业教育改革的发展,农业高职院校茶果专业应结合地方茶产业发展,将教学与实践合理整合,制订适应地方茶产业需要的教学与合作模式,最终达到校企双赢。     

《温州南戏数据库》建设刍议

本文从南戏由温州起源,温州南戏在当今戏剧界占据重要地位讲起,阐述了《温州南戏数据库》建设的启动背景、文献资料收录、整个数据库的规划结构及开发,还有具体建设步骤等。     

强化基层林业站职能作用 促进林业跨越式发展

基层林业站是国家设在基层的林业管理机构 ,在林业生产和建设中发挥着重要的职能作用。强化林业站的职能作用 ,必将对推动我国六大林业重点工程建设 ,实现林业跨越式发展起到巨大作用。     

Electronegativity Scale of Elements Calculated by Density Functional Theory and Related Methods

In chemistry and many related fields, electronegativity (EN) is an important fundamental concept and its scale is a useful physcochemical parameter. Here, calculations of both ionization potentials and electron affinities are extended toward 107 elements and done by density functional theory at the local density approximation(LDA) level and the LDB level, i.e., the local density approximation level with further non-local corrections for exchange and correlation included self-consistently as well as the modified Slater transition-state method. The definite-differentiation method is employed into calculations of the electronegativity scale and the related parameters of 107 elements with very good results due to the consideration of relativistic effects. The calculation presented is to examine both the LDA and LDB approximations in calculations for the ionization potential and electron affinity of the elements with an improved or modified Slater transition-state method, and relativistic effects have also been taken into account for 107 elements compared with 103, 86 or less in the previous report under a spin polarized density function theory with some approximations to the exchange-correlation function. The calculation results for the various quantities represent an obviously improvement over some previous calculations. It is shown that the results calculated by the extended technique and the improved Slater transition-state method in general agree well with experimental values presented by Pearson, and are better than the reported values in many previous literatures. The developed new electronegativity scale will widely be applicable in many fields such as molecular structural parameterization expression, chemobiological activity optimization prediction, structure-activity quantitation modeling, functional chemical adaptization designing, and so on.