不同氮肥处理对稻茬晚播小麦‘淮麦36’产量、氮素利用率和品质的影响

为探究江苏淮北地区稻茬晚播小麦丰产优质高效栽培的适宜施肥方法,以‘淮麦36’为材料,采用二因素裂区设计,以施氮量为主区(210、240、270 kg/hm²),氮肥运筹为裂区(基肥:壮蘖肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥为0:3:3:4、0:4:6:0、3:1:4:2、3:2:3:2和3:3:3:1),分析不同氮肥处理对小麦产量、氮素利用率和品质的影响。结果表明,氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率和产量均随施氮量的增加而呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,施氮量240 kg/hm²分别较210 kg/hm²和270 kg/hm²提高10.66%和14.22%、8.94%和13.11%、13.94%和0.89%;氮素积累量、氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率、氮素生理效率、氮收获指数和籽粒产量在不同氮肥运筹处理间均表现为3:1:4:2>3:2:3:2>3:3:3:1>0:3:3:4>0:4:6:0,产量最大增幅为15.22%。说明重施拔节孕穗肥有利于提高稻茬晚播小麦的氮素利用率和产量。氮肥适当后移和分施拔节肥与孕...     

Predicting soil fauna effect on plant litter decomposition by using boosted regression trees

Extensive studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of soil fauna on plant litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. However, scholars have reported inconsistent results on the direction and magnitude of the soil fauna effect. We present a global synthesis of 75 papers that cover 197 plant species with 543 cases of plant litter decomposition experiments and soil fauna effects on plant litter decomposition. By using a boosted regression tree model (BRT), we aim to provide a synthesis of existing data that comprehensively and quantitatively evaluates how climate, plant litter quality, and study methods interact with soil fauna in affecting plant litter decomposition. Global average effect size (ES) is −0.426, which indicates a 35% lower decomposition rate when soil fauna is excluded by physical or chemical exclusion techniques. The final model explains 32.3% of the variation in ES. The predictors that substantially account for the explained variation include mean annual temperature (MAT, 37.1%), mean annual precipitation (MAP, 9.7%), phosphorus (12.4%), nitrogen (5.6%), and lignin content (5.5%). By contrast, the heterogeneity of the study duration and soil fauna exclusion technique have negligible contributions (each <5%). Log effect size strongly decreases with both MAT and MAP. Plant litters with high quality have stronger soil fauna effect because the log effect size is negatively related to nitrogen and phosphorus content and positively related to lignin content. Our analysis demonstrates the critical role of climate and plant litter quality in determining the soil fauna effect on plant litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the large unexplained variation (67.7%) in ES in the BRT model indicates undiscovered mechanisms underlying the soil fauna effect in our analysis. We call for further studies on this topic in the future.     

小五台山地区主要林分枯落物分布特征及水源涵养能力

为评估小五台山地区主要林分的水源涵养能力,同时为筛选水源涵养树种提供新思路,通过浸泡法和模拟降雨法,对小五台山地区7种典型林分枯落物分布特征及水源涵养能力进行研究。结果表明：(1)林分枯落物覆盖面积和厚度均表现为阔叶林大于针阔叶混交林、针叶林,其最大分别为青杨纯林和蒙古栎纯林,且厚度表现出坡下大于坡上的特征;(2)枯落物蓄积量为油松纯林>青杨纯林>油松×蒙古栎混交林>白桦纯林>粉桦×云杉混交林>蒙古栎纯林>椴树纯林,其中半分解层大于未分解层;(3)枯落物吸持能力表现为半分解层[(0.82±0.23) mm]大于未分解层[(0.39±0.13) mm],且针阔叶混交林和大部分阔叶林大于针叶林,其中青杨纯林的最大,最大持水量、有效拦蓄量和最终吸持量分别为1.69,1.37,0.41 mm;(4)所有林分枯落物持水率均表现为浸泡法大于模拟降雨法,只采用传统的浸泡法会导致研究结果偏大。各林分枯落物水源涵养能力表现为阔叶林和针阔混交林优于针叶林,其中青杨纯林和白桦纯林水源涵养能力最强,在今后水源涵养林的树种筛选中可考虑多选择青杨和白桦等阔叶树。     

香溪河流域降雨侵蚀力特征及简易算法初步研究

降雨侵蚀力表示降雨引起土壤侵蚀的潜在能力,对土壤侵蚀定量预报及评价研究有重要意义。利用三峡库区香溪河流域兴山气象站1990—2009年20 a的逐日降雨量资料,采用日降雨侵蚀力模型估算了研究区的降雨侵蚀力,分析了降雨侵蚀力的年内、年际演变特征,并以此为基准值建立了降雨侵蚀力简易算法模型。结果表明:香溪河流域年内降雨侵蚀力R主要集中在5—8月,占全年的71%,峰值与侵蚀性降雨峰值一致,均出现在7月;R值年际变化较大,变异系数达到0.36,多年平均降雨侵蚀力为4 361.55（MJ·mm）/（hm²·h）,R值与年降雨量和年侵蚀性降雨量年际变化趋势基本一致,但也存在少数异常年份,多年降雨侵蚀力年际变化趋势系数为0.106,呈增加趋势;简易算法模型决定系数均在0.9以上,相对误差较小,均能满足要求,可应用于研究流域,但降雨侵蚀力精确值未知,模型参数有待进一步优化。     

Carbon input belowground is the major C flux contributing to leaf litter mass loss: Evidences from a C labelled-leaf litter experiment

Partitioning of the quantities of C lost by leaf litter through decomposition into (i) CO₂ efflux to the atmosphere and (ii) C input to soil organic matter (SOM) is essential in order to develop a deeper understanding of the litter-soil biogeochemical continuum. However, this is a challenging task due to the occurrence of many different processes contributing to litter biomass loss. With the aim of quantifying different fluxes of C lost by leaf litter decomposition, a field experiment was performed at a short rotation coppice poplar plantation in central Italy. Populus nigra leaf litter, enriched in ¹³C (δ¹³C ∼ +160‰) was placed within collars to decompose in direct contact with the soil (δ¹³C ∼ −26‰) for 11 months. CO₂ efflux from within the collars and its isotopic composition were determined at monthly intervals. After 11 months, remaining litter and soil profiles (0-20 cm) were sampled and analysed for their total C and ¹³C content. Gas chromatography (GC), GC-mass spectrometry (MS) and GC-combustion-isotope ratio (GC/C/IRMS) were used to analyse phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) extracted from soil samples to identify the groups of soil micro-organisms that had incorporated litter-derived C and to determine the quantity of C incorporated by the soil microbial biomass (SMB). By the end of the experiment, the litter had lost about 80% of its original weight. The fraction of litter C lost as an input into the soil (67 ± 12% of the total C loss) was found to be twice as much as the fraction released as CO₂ to the atmosphere (30 ± 3%), thus demonstrating the importance of quantifying litter-derived C input to soils, in litter decomposition studies. The mean δ¹³C values of PLFAs in soil (δ¹³C = −12.5‰) showed sustained incorporation of litter-derived C after one year (7.8 ± 1.6% of total PLFA-C). Thus, through the application of stable ¹³C isotope analyses, we have quantified two major C fluxes contributing to litter decomposition, at macroscopic and microscopic levels.     

Macronutrient concentration in plant parts of cotton fertilized with broiler litter in a marginal upland soil

Effectiveness of surface-applied unincorporated broiler litter as a fertilizer relative to conventional inorganic fertilizers under no-till or conventional-till cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems in the upland soils of the southern and southeastern USA is not well documented. The objectives of this research were to (1) test if broiler litter improves plant macronutrient (N, P, K, and Mg) nutrition of cotton above that of cotton fertilized with conventional inorganic fertilizers and (2) determine if lack of incorporating litter into the soil reduces macronutrient concentration in cotton plant parts in an upland soil considered marginal for cotton. Six treatments consisting of an unfertilized control, a fertilized standard (STD), two litter-only, and two litter plus inorganic N as urea–ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) were tested in two adjacent fields, one under no-till (NT) and the other under conventional-till (CT) systems. Litter alone, UAN, or a combination of litter plus UAN were applied to supply 101 kg ha⁻¹ plant available N assuming nearly all of the UAN-N and 50% of the total litter N becomes plant available during the cotton growing season. Concentration of N, P, K, and Mg were measured in leaves, stems, and reproductive parts on three or four dates between early flowering and maturity. Cotton fertilized with the litter-only treatments always had less N concentration but greater P and K concentration in leaves, stems, and reproductive parts than cotton that received the STD treatment. Leaf and stem Mg concentration seems to depend on the N concentration in these plant parts. Lack of incorporating litter into the soil reduced N concentration in nearly all plant parts at all growth stages, suggesting some amount of the litter-derived N is lost due to lack of incorporation. Lack of incorporation also reduced leaf and stem Mg concentration, which seemed to be due to its reducing effect on N concentration. Unlike N and Mg, lack of incorporation did not consistently affect concentrations of P and K in all plant parts. Regardless of the incorporation treatment, fertilization with the litter-only treatments increased tissue P and K concentration and supported lint yield exceeding that of the STD without increasing tissue N concentration.     

江西省人为水土流失现状调查与防治研究（简报）

为了给江西省各级政府开展人为水土流失防治提供基础数据,该研究在江西省范围内采用地面观测和调查监测相结合的方法,对江西省开发建设项目产生的人为水土流失进行调查研究,摸清了该省开发建设项目造成的水土流失面积及其分布,估算了该省不同类型开发建设项目水土流失量情况。并从不同类型开发建设项目出发提出了开发建设项目水土流失防治的建议。     

Impact of Tillage and Fertilizer Application Method on Gas Emissions in a Corn Cropping System

Tillage and fertilization practices used in row crop production are thought to alter greenhouse gas emissions from soil.This study was conducted to determine the impact of fertilizer sources,land management practices,and fertilizer placement methods on greenhouse gas(CO₂,CH₄,and N₂O)emissions.A new prototype implement developed for applying poultry litter in subsurface bands in the soil was used in this study.The field site was located at the Sand Mountain Research and Extension Center in the Appalachian Plateau region of northeast Alabama,USA,on a Hartsells fine sandy loam(fine-loamy,siliceous,subactive,thermic Typic Hapludults).Measurements of carbon dioxide(CO₂),methane(CH₄),and nitrous oxide(N₂O)emissions followed GRACEnet (greenhouse gas reduction through agricultural carbon enhancement network)protocols to assess the effects of different tillage(conventional vs.no-tillage)and fertilizer placement(subsurface banding vs.surface application)practices in a corn(Zea mays L.)cropping system.Fertilizer sources were urea-ammonium nitrate(UAN),ammonium nitrate(AN)and poultry litter(M)applied at a rate of 170 kg ha^-1 of available N.Banding of fertilizer resulted in the greatest concentration of gaseous loss(CO₂ and N₂O)compared to surface applications of fertilizer.Fertilizer banding increased CO₂ and N₂O loss on various sampling days throughout the season with poultry litter banding emitting more gas than UAN banding.Conventional tillage practices also resulted in a higher concentration of CO₂ and N₂O loss when evaluating tillage by sampling day.Throughout the course of this study,CH4 flux was not affected by tillage,fertilizer source,or fertilizer placement method.These results suggest that poultry litter use and banding practices have the potential to increase greenhouse gas emissions.