我国紫薇属植物AFLP分子标记体系的优化

以采自广西、云南和河南等地的紫薇属Lagerstroemia植物紫薇L.indica,南紫薇L.subcostata,福建紫薇L.limii和桂林紫薇L.guilinensis叶片为材料,利用改良CTAB（十六烷基三甲基溴化铵）法提取叶片基因组DNA,获得了高质量的紫薇叶片DNA,并以其基因组DNA为模板进行了酶切连接,利用酶切连接的产物稀释一定倍数作为预扩增的模板,最后以稀释一定倍数的预扩增产物进行选择性扩增,进行紫薇和南紫薇的AFLP（扩增片段长度多态性）银染反应体系的优化。AFLP体系中每一步反应都设置了不同的反应体系,采用了160对引物作为初选引物,筛选出了10对适合紫薇基因组扩增的引物。结果表明,适宜紫薇基因组扩增的最佳酶切、预扩增和选择性扩增体系为：酶切连接体系1;预扩体系3;选扩体系3,反应体系中Mg2＋质量浓度为1.2×10-6kg.L-1时扩增效果较好。     

Comparative Analysis of mRNA Expression of Surface Antigens between Histiocytic and Nonhistiocytic Sarcoma in Dogs

Background

Definitive diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma (HS) in dogs is relatively difficult by conventional histopathological examination because objective features of HS are not well defined.

Hypothesis

Quantitative analysis of mRNA expression of selected cellular surface antigens (SAs) specific to HS in dogs can facilitate objective and rapid diagnosis.

Animals

Dogs with HS (n = 30) and dogs without HS (n = 36), including those with other forms of lymphoma (n = 4), inflammatory diseases (n = 6), and other malignant neoplasias (n = 26).

Methods

Retrospective clinical observational study. Specimens were collected by excisional biopsy, needle core biopsy, or fine needle aspiration. To determine HS detection efficacy, mRNA expression levels of selected SAs specific to HS in dogs, including MHC class IIα, CD11b, CD11c, and CD86, were quantitatively analyzed using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Each SA mRNA expression level was significantly higher in HS dogs than in non‐HS dogs (P = .0082). Cutoff values for discriminating between HS and non‐HS dogs based on these expression levels were calculated on the basis of receiver‐operating characteristic analysis. Accuracy of the cutoff values, including MHC class IIα, CD11b, CD11c, and CD86, was 87.9, 86.4, 86.4, and 84.8%, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Our results suggest that quantitative analysis of mRNA expression of the selected SAs could be an adjunctive diagnostic technique with high diagnostic accuracy for HS in dogs. Substantial investigation is required for exclusion of diseases with similar cell types of origin to lymphoma.     

The effect of stocking size on the first winter survival of whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), in the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea

The anadromous whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), is the most numerous fish species stocked in the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea. One-summer-old-whitefish fingerlings are mostly 8–10 cm long when released annually in September–October, whereas the wild whitefish are 10–12 cm at that time. About 6 million, one-summer-old, spray-marked, whitefish were released in the northern and central parts of the Gulf in 1995–1998. To study the effect of the stocking length on the survival of the marked fish, the length of the recaptured whitefish as 1-year-olds was back-calculated. Altogether 1106 whitefish recaptured in the Gulf of Bothnia were analysed. The back-calculated length was slightly greater than the stocking length but not as large as the length of the wild fish. In the central part of the Gulf of Bothnia, where the mean stocking length was more than 10 cm, the back-calculated length was 10.5–11.1 cm. In the northern part of the Gulf the mean stocking length varied between 8.8 and 10.0 cm annually, and the corresponding back-calculated mean lengths were 9.3–9.7 cm. It also seemed that bigger fingerlings started their feeding migration earlier or they migrated faster than the smaller ones to the southern parts of the Gulf of Bothnia.     

中国荷斯坦牛部分乳房结构特性对泌乳性能的影响

本研究对规模化场奶牛乳房结构部分性状进行评价和测定,旨在分析其影响因素及其与泌乳性能的关系。现场评价和测定我国北方6个规模化奶牛场荷斯坦牛的乳房均衡(2 030条)、乳头长度(1 551条)和乳头位置评分(分前、后乳头,2 839条),使用SAS 9.2 GLM过程采用固定效应模型分析影响上述3个乳房性状的因素,同时分析3个单项性状对校正日产奶量和体细胞评分的影响。结果表明:场和胎次对3个乳房性状影响极显著(P0.01);前、后乳头位置和后乳头长度对校正日产奶量有显著影响(P0.05),校正日产奶量与前乳头位置评分值呈正比,与后乳头位置评分值呈反比;前乳头位置和长度对体细胞评分有显著影响(P0.05),体细胞评分随前乳头位置评分的增大而减小;5~5.5 cm的乳头长度对于校正日产奶量和体细胞评分都最佳。本研究结果为通过乳房性状选择、淘汰并提高奶牛的生产性能、乳房健康提供了参考。     

Implications of using small meshed gillnets for the sustainability of fish populations: a theoretical exploration based on three case studies

The study explores the impacts of varying gillnet mesh size and fishing level on yield per recruit (Y/R), escapement spawning stock (ESS) and mega‐spawners (MS) of three widely distributed freshwater fishery target species. Y/R is maximised when the optimal length of capture (L_cap) is above the size of maturity (L₅₀). However, the unimodal shape of gillnet selectivity results in lower impacts to ESS and MS with both smaller and larger mesh sizes. Under conditions of moderate exploitation, the fraction of MS was significantly larger if small meshed gillnets were used. This is due to the relatively smaller cumulative vulnerability from small mesh sizes through time, as they target a smaller size range of fish, which also grow more quickly through the vulnerable window due to higher growth rates. Therefore, unlike trawls and beach seines, which select all size classes beyond the minimum length of capture (L_c), small meshed gillnets are not necessarily destructive and may rather promote sustained production by allowing a higher proportion of the spawning biomass to remain in the stock. The work also helps to explain the observation of sustained fish production in many developing countries despite the persistent use of gillnets of small mesh size that target small, under‐sized individuals.     

植物生长促生菌对盐胁迫下水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

JT-5是从水稻根际土壤中分离得到的1株植物生长促生菌。在不同浓度盐(氯化钠)溶液的胁迫下,JT-5对水稻种子的萌发、幼苗的生长发育有显著的促进作用。水稻种子经菌株JT-5处理后,在第三天的发芽势显著地提高。在盐浓度为50、75、100、125 mmol/L时,JT-5处理组水稻种子的发芽势分别为84.44%、92.22%、80.00%和84.44%,而相应的对照组仅为68.89%、54.44%、35.56%和17.78%;同样浓度的盐胁迫下,JT-5能够有效地促进水稻幼苗根长和苗高的生长,分别比对照处理组的根长长10～90 mm和苗高高10～40 mm;JT-5处理组水稻的不定根数多于对照组1.0～2.6条;经JT-5处理后的优势均随盐溶液浓度的增加呈扩大趋势;苗干重和根的含水量(占鲜重)均高于对照组。     

冬小麦不同播期对土壤水分及产量的影响

在西北半干旱雨养条件下,以冬小麦‘陇中一号’为材料,研究了不同播期条件下土壤水分、产量差异。结果表明：冬小麦适当迟播可以提高土壤含水量,但在不同播期、小麦的不同生育期土壤含水量也存在差异。从4 个不同播期分析,平均土壤含水量为最迟播期（S4,10 月11 日）的最高;产量以最早播期（S1,9 月21 日）的最低,9 月30 日—10 月11 日之间产量相近。多重比较表明,播种期越迟,土壤含水量越大,播期处理间产量差异不显著,晚播不会造成减产。     

Yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat increased with root length and biomass due to nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium interactions

Balanced applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are known to increase grain yield of wheat but the impact of the interactions among N, P, and K on root growth and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) have not been proven. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of balanced applications of N, P, and K on the rooting patterns and NUE of wheat. Two glasshouse experiments were conducted. A rhizobox study was used to assess the impact of interactions among N, P, and K fertilisers on total root length, biomass, specific root length, root length density, N use efficiency (NUE), and N uptake efficiency of the shoots (NUpE_shoot) and N nutrition index. In a separate pot study, plants were grown to maturity to confirm the effect of the observed changes in root growth on NUE, NUpE_grain, and grain/biomass yield. In the rhizobox experiment when plants were supplied with N+P+K, total root biomass increased approximately six‐fold relative to plants grown with N alone or with no fertiliser. Plants exposed to N+P+K had NUpE_shoot and NUE values that were five and ten times higher, respectively, than plants that received just fertiliser N. Plants supplied with N+P or N+P+K had N nutrition indices close to one (N‐adequate), while plants that only received N had an index of 0.62 (N‐deficient). The pot study confirmed that the changes in root length and biomass in plants exposed to N+P+K resulted in significant increases in NUE, NUpE_grain, shoot biomass, and grain yield at maturity. Interactions among fertiliser N, P, and K played a critical role in influencing root biomass and length, which was associated with increases in NUE, NUpE_shoot and NUpE_grain.     

狗牙根种质资源的根系分布特征及抗拉强度研究

为比较不同狗牙根种质资源的固土护坡能力,研究了不同狗牙根的根系分布特征及抗拉强度,结果表明:狗牙根的根系集中分布在0～10 cm土层,其根长密度和根重密度随土层深度的增加而减少,C2的根长密度和根重密度均优于C1和C3.3份狗牙根材料的平均根直径均小于1.0 mm,C2的有效根密度最大;狗牙根的根系抗拉强度均随根系直径的增加而减小,3份材料的根系最大抗拉强度的峰值均出现在根系直径小于0.4 mm径级,表明细根的固土护坡能力较粗根好,3份材料中C2的根系平均抗拉强度最大.从3份狗牙根材料中初步筛选出较适宜做护坡的狗牙根为C2.