Investigation on physical and mechanical properties of pulp–plastic composites from bagasse

High-density polyethylene (HDPE), bagasse fibers treated by four pulping processes (AS-AQ (alkaline sulfite anthraquinone), SODA-AQ (soda anthraquinone), MEA (monoethanolamine) and chemical–mechanical pulping (CMP)), three levels of nano-SiO₂ (0, 2, and 5?wt%), and maleic anhydride polyethylene as coupling agent were used to produce pulp–plastic composites (PPCs) by injection molding. The physical and mechanical properties of corresponding composites were evaluated according to ASTM standards. The results showed that compared to untreated bagasse/HDPE composite, the addition of bagasse pulp fibers increased significantly the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and modulus, and hardness. The chemical pulps-reinforced composites showed better mechanical strengths than that of CMP-reinforced composites, but in some properties, CMP pulp composites have comparable results to the chemical pulp-reinforced composites. Natural fibers (untreated and treated) increased water absorption and thickness swelling of composites compared to pure HDPE. The addition of nano-SiO₂ particles showed both increasing and decreasing trends on physical and mechanical properties ofPPCs.     

自喷高强度复合材料在高原日光温室生态猪舍中的应用

通过采用聚苯板作为基材与自喷高强度复合材料保温层组合应用制作猪舍后屋面及墙体,从后屋面及墙体的结构设计及特征、施工工艺、条件、质量控制要点、具备的优良特征等方面进行了论述。阐述了解决墙体及后屋面在防雨雪、防腐、防火、使用寿命、施工周期、结构强度、施工工艺、质量保证等方面的问题,并展望了这种新型保温墙体的推广应用范围。     

阻燃型聚丙烯基木塑复合材料的正交优化

为获得性能良好的阻燃型聚丙烯基木塑复合材料(WPC),从理论上估算WPC中木粉(WF)所含的羟基(—OH),以指导调整膨胀型阻燃剂(IFRs)中聚磷酸铵(APP)与季戊四醇(PER)的比例及用量,通过正交试验对其进行优化。利用前期试验得到的协效剂组MgO/EG/SiO_2(其组成为m(MgO)∶m(可膨胀石墨,EG)∶m(SiO_2)=1∶5∶5,配比为m(IFRs)∶m(MgO/EG/SiO_2)=1.00∶0.18)对优化后的APP/PER进行阻燃增效,进一步提高WPC的阻燃性能。结果表明,当m(APP)∶m(PER)=2.0∶0.6、IFRs的质量分数为25%时的IFRs1对WPC的阻燃效果最为显著。IFRs1及MgO/EG/SiO_2的同时加入可有效提高WPC的热稳定性,其残炭率提高至24.79%。WPC/IFRs1的热释放速率峰和总热释放量比WPC分别降低了33.9%和10.4%,WPC/IFRs1/MgO/EG/SiO_2的热释放速率峰和总热释放量比WPC分别降低了39.15%和15.99%。硅烷偶联剂KH550、钛酸酯偶联剂NDZ-201和铝酸酯偶联剂DL-411-DF处理均能提高WPC/IFRs1/MgO/EG/SiO_2的力学性能和阻燃性能,其中KH550的效果最好。     

澧阳平原古水稻土有机无机复合度及腐殖质结合形态研究

通过化学分析方法研究澧阳平原杉龙岗古水稻土和现代水稻土有机无机复合度及结合态腐殖质的组成及空间分布特征。结果表明:随剖面深度的加深有机无机复合量减少,复合度则相反,且埋藏古水稻土复合度现代耕作土复合度。古水稻土腐殖质结合形态以松结态为主,紧结态其次,稳结态最少,平均含量分别为12.75、4.07和0.42 g/kg,且埋藏古水稻土含量现代耕作土含量。从剖面空间分布上看,各结合态腐殖质含量变化幅度较大,现代耕作土松结合态含量呈先下降后上升趋势,稳结合态呈下降趋势,紧结合态呈下降后平稳趋势;埋藏古水稻土松结合态含量呈下降趋势,稳结合态缓慢上升趋势,紧结合态呈先下降后上升趋势。     

五金接合形式对竹集成材家具角部接合性能的影响

探索竹集成家具五金角接合处的接合性能特点以改善竹集成材家具角部五金接合,测试与比较竹集成材家具角部常用的四类五金接合形式的接合性能。结果表明:1)螺钉类与螺栓类的接合强度较高,但螺栓类破坏相对较少且能够多次拆装,分析可知螺栓类角接合性能相对较好;2)在螺栓类与不同类型预埋螺母配合时,存在预埋螺母易于拔出的问题,特别是尼龙胶塞,发现嵌入竹集成材板件困难的,抗拔力小,更易拔出;3)竹集成材家具角部在同一种五金角接合形式下的抗拉强度明显大于抗压强度,抗拉弯矩明显大于抗压弯矩,说明竹集成材家具角部在受到内向压力时比受外向拉力时更容易发生破坏。     

Assessment of the eradication measures applied to Phytophthora ramorum in Irish Larix kaempferi forests

Phytophthora ramorum is the causal agent of the sudden larch death epidemic in Ireland and the UK. Within the EU, it is a quarantine pathogen and eradication measures are required if it is detected in horticultural or forest environments. Eradication measures in forests include the clearance of susceptible tree hosts from the infected stand along with all host known to support pathogen sporulation within a 250‐m buffer zone of the infected stand. Between 2010 and 2016, these measures have affected over 18,000 ha of Larix kaempferi forests in Ireland and the UK, but the epidemic continues to spread. An assessment of the efficacy of the eradication measures has not been published to date. Here, we provide details of the detection frequency of P. ramorum from aerial (rainwater) and terrestrial (soil, watercourses, plant material) sources in three forest locations in Ireland that had significant areas of L. kaempferi affected by P. ramorum before their removal. Monitoring of six plots with differing infection and eradication management histories was carried out from September 2013 to 2015. Presence of P. ramorum was confirmed by plating plant material onto selective media, followed by morphological identification. Phytophthora ramorum was detected in 65 of 1283 samples, in all sample types and in 17 of the 20 months sampled. Only three of the 295 soil samples were positive for P. ramorum, with all of these coming from an area under perennial standing water. The most positive samples came from a plot where symptomatic Larix trees had not been removed and the findings occurred consistently over the 2‐year study. Plots where infected Larix had been removed were rarely positive for P. ramorum across all the sample types indicating a level of success from the eradication measures in reducing pathogen levels on the sites.     

花岗岩残积土边坡草本植物根固效应试验

为了推进根系固土机制的定量研究,在前期边坡调查和植物筛选的基础上,人工种植了百喜草、假俭草、狗牙根3种常见的护坡植物,根据各深度下原状根-土复合体干密度、含水率和质量含根量等物理性质指标,设计了重塑根-土复合体直剪试验方案,实施了3种植物原状和重塑根-土复合体的直剪试验。结果表明:3种原状根-土复合体的抗剪强度在各级法向压力作用下均随含根量的增加而逐渐增大;3种原状根-土复合体的黏聚力和内摩擦角均随深度的增加而减小;3种植物根系在相同的土体状态下对黏聚力的影响排序为狗牙根百喜草假俭草;对土体内摩擦角的影响排序为假俭草百喜草狗牙根。植物根系增强土体抗剪强度的作用不仅受植物种类的影响,还与土体的干密度和含水率密切相关,干密度的增加对黏聚力的提升有显著影响,对内摩擦角的影响却并不大;3种植物重塑根-土复合体的最优含水率均为25%左右。在重塑根-土复合体的直剪试验中,很难探求含根量对抗剪强度指标的影响。     

复合植被指数在稀疏高寒草原植被盖度遥感反演中的应用

基于Landsat 8遥感影像数据,以西藏日喀则经南木林到申扎县的一条样带高寒草原作为研究对象,选择较为常用的归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、土壤调整植被指数(soil adjusted vegetation index,SAVI)、修改型土壤调整植被指数(modified soil adjusted vegetation index,MSAVI)以及对半干旱区低覆盖植被信息较为敏感的转换型土壤调整植被指数(transformational soil adjusted vegetation index,TSAVI),结合地表反射率改进运算的FCD模型(forest canopy density mapping model)裸土(bare soil index,BI)和阴影指数(shadow index,SI)构建适合低植被覆盖区域的复合植被指数(vegetation bare shadow index,VBSI);基于各植被指数构建像元二分模型,定量反演高寒草原植被盖度;并利用网格法实测的植被盖度分析反演精度。研究结果表明,8种植被指数所构建的像元二分模型对高寒草原植被盖度的反演精度以VBSI(TSAVI)最高,反演精度为85.66%;并证明了基于野外采集的土壤光谱曲线获取的TSAVI所构建的像元二分模型对高寒草原植被盖度信息的提取具有一定的实用性;改进运算的FCD模型裸土和阴影指数能较好地削弱土壤和阴影对植被信息的影响,所构建的复合植被指数对提取稀疏高寒草原植被盖度信息具有重要的实际意义。     

氧浓度对复合菌系MC1纤维素降解能力的影响

堆肥系统内氧浓度一直是影响堆肥进程的重要因子,它决定了堆肥系统中微生物活动的强弱,从而影响堆肥中复杂有机物的分解速率.该文研究了氧浓度对纤维素降解复合菌系MC1功能的影响.通过不同封口方式与不同大小容器培养实验,揭示静置培养条件下复合菌系MC1在纤维素降解过程中,氧浓度对该复合菌系分解纤维素能力的影响.得出复合菌系MC1在微耗氧条件下(＜0.05 mg/L)分解纤维素,分解纤维素最佳的氧浓度范围在0.01～0.02 mg/L,氧浓度过高或过低均不利于纤维素的分解.特定氧浓度有利于复合菌系MC1执行分解功能.     

不同黏结剂组合甘蔗渣/麦秆碳复合材料制备与性能研究

该文以甘蔗渣、麦秆为原料,以酚醛树脂、羧甲基纤维素为黏结剂,采用混合后热压再烧结的工艺制各碳复合材料,试验制备了各温度点下的材料并对其残碳率、密度、气孔率、强度、电阻率等性能进行了测试,对该材料的性能、形成机理及规律进行了分析,初步揭示了原料选择、配比、温度等参数对整个制备过程及复合材料性能的影响.试验结果证明:通过该工艺用甘蔗渣(麦秆)和酚醛树脂(羧甲基纤维素)制备复合材料可行的,同时也表明黏结剂和烧结温度对碳复合材料性能影响很大,该试验为甘蔗渣(麦秆)等植物残渣的利用开辟了新的途径.