植物造景手法与理念在现代园林中的应用

作为四大造园要素之一的植物是现代园林景观中最具生命活力的元素。在现代园林中应用的植物造景手法包括分景、借景、框景、对景等,其体现的应用理念为结合地域文化创造园林景观、在特定环境中塑造植物景观、根据立地条件营造特色景观等。结合某CBD庭院植物造景设计案例,借助园林空间艺术造景手法与其他造园要素巧妙融合,合理配置相宜的植物种类,营造出与周围环境和谐统一而又富于变化的植物景观。     

岭南乡村水系景观规划研究

通过文献研究和实地踏查的方法对北流镇鸭埌村乡村水系现状进行调查,对村庄传统排水系统、水系空间景观质量、水文化等进行分析,提出修复村庄传统水循环系统;利用污水处理技术,实现“三水”资源化利用;植物净化,建设生态景观驳岸;挖掘地域特色,建设美丽乡村等规划理念和改善措施,为全域乡村水系景观规划和建设提供思路。     

长春市广场树木生长状况与园林植物多样性相关关系的研究

对长春市广场树木生长状况和园林植物多样性之间的关系研究表明:广场树木生长状况的数量化值与用Shannon-Wiener指数表示的园林植物多样性之间有良好的相关关系,相关方程为:G=1.972 2 2.667 86Ht-0.644 7Ht2,相关系数R=0.908 57,估计可靠性P=99.9%。     

沿黄荒漠绿洲区生态廊道与生态节点识别及景观格局优化——以磴口县为例

沿黄荒漠绿洲区景观格局构建及优化对防治土地荒漠化、促进生态可持续发展具有重要意义。以磴口为研究区,分析2005—2020年磴口景观类型时空演变特征,结合最小累积阻力（MCR）模型、电路理论和水文分析法综合识别生态廊道和生态节点,利用重力模型和景观连接度指数判断生态廊道和生态节点重要性,构建磴口荒漠绿洲区景观格局并提出优化建议。结果表明：1）2005—2020年磴口主要植被景观中,耕地规模最大且持续扩张,草地呈先增加后减少趋势,林地则持续缩减;2）识别出重要草地生态源地8块,重要生态廊道99条和重要生态节点345个。以耕地和草地类型为主,均位于研究区中部和东南部;3）提取出需重点优化生态障碍点面积159.83 km²,需重点优化生态夹点面积81.18 km²,分别位于研究区西北部和中部区域;4）最后,从维持南部并扩大西北部生态源地规模、打通并优化重要林草生态廊道和生态节点、生态障碍点和生态夹点等多方面提出荒漠绿洲区景观格局优化建议。本研究可为荒漠绿洲区生态环境规划提供重要科学依据。     

基于管理者偏好的京郊农场生态景观建设与优化对策

为更好推动农场生态景观建设及相关鼓励政策的制定提供科学依据,对京郊46家果园农场（35家有机果园,11家常规果园）进行调研,以期了解当前经营性农场生态景观现状特征及农场管理者的认知态度、景观偏好和参与生态补偿意愿。结果表明：多数农场建设偏重生产、对景观和生态考虑甚少,景观效果较差;有机农场管理者对生态用地的了解程度显著高于常规农场,但这2类农场的管理者均有通过生态景观建设来获得多种服务的意愿;超过50%的农场管理者偏向于建设花草类生态植被,并倾向于将其建设在农场边界或田块之间以减少占用耕地;90%以上的农场管理者有参与生态补偿的意愿,并希望由政府提供5年以上的资金补贴;农场类型和管理模式影响生态景观建设参与面积的选择,有机农场、企业或合作社经营性农场更能够接受占用超过5%的土地面积建设生态景观。因此,强化农场管理者生态理念和技术培训,以政府作为主要补偿来源提高对花草类生态用地的生态补偿,将有助于推动生态农场生境景观建设和生态系统服务的提升。     

湖南特有植物及园林应用和保护

通过对湖南137种特有植物研究表明:湖南特有植物主要从较进化的科和亲缘种较多的属中分化出来,为第四纪后期形成的新特有植物。地理分布广泛,从低海拔到高海拔,全省范围内都有分布。但以海拔500~1 200 m较集中,类型也多样。南岭山地、雪峰山和武陵山种类最多。这是水热条件的协调配合直接影响其分布格局。根据特有植物的特点,应加强针对性的保护和应用。     

Comparing fire spread algorithms using equivalence testing and neutral landscape models

We demonstrate a method to evaluate the degree to which a meta-model approximates spatial disturbance processes represented by a more detailed model across a range of landscape conditions, using neutral landscapes and equivalence testing. We illustrate this approach by comparing burn patterns produced by a relatively simple fire spread algorithm with those generated by a more detailed fire behavior model from which the simpler algorithm was derived. Equivalence testing allows objective comparisons of the output of simple and complex models, to determine if the results are significantly similar. Neutral landscape models represent a range of landscape conditions that the model may encounter, allowing evaluation of the sensitivity and behavior of the model to different landscape compositions and configurations. We first tested the model for universal applicability, then narrowed the testing to assess the practical domain of applicability. As a whole, the calibrated simple model passed the test for significant equivalence using the 25% threshold. When applied to a range of landscape conditions different from the calibration scenarios, the model failed the tests for equivalence. Although our particular model failed the tests, the neutral landscape models were helpful in determining an appropriate domain of applicability and in assessing the model sensitivity to landscape changes. Equivalence testing provides an effective method for model comparison, and coupled with neutral landscapes, our approach provides an objective way to assess the domain of applicability of a spatial model.     

Analysis of landscape pattern change trajectories within areas of intensive agricultural use: case study in a watershed of southern Québec, Canada

This study aimed at capturing the spatial variability of landscape patterns and their trajectories of change from 1950 to 2000 within a watershed, which is representative of areas of intensive agricultural use. After an analysis of landscape features changes for the entire watershed based on aerial photographs, hierarchical clustering analysis provided a typology of landscape patterns for the cadastral lots. Following that, the trajectory of change of each lot was characterized (nature, importance, direction, rate of change). Seven types of landscape patterns are distinguished by the relative importance of different classes of landscape features and 51 trajectories of change were identified for the lots. The analysis shows that although the majority of lots were subjected to a homogenization of their landscape patterns since 1950, this trend is not entirely uniform and that since 2000 it occurs alongside trends towards diversification of certain landscape features on some lots. Furthermore, nearly a third of the lots are not following the main trajectories of change detected. Thus, the results suggest that extrinsic forces (policies, technologies) that are directing main changes in areas of intensive agricultural use toward uniformity could be modulated by internal forces (uses and values of the population). A better understanding of theses internal forces seems crucial to manage landscapes. From a methodology standpoint, although the hierarchical clustering analyses appear useful for understanding the spatial and temporal variability of landscape patterns, particular attention must be given to validating the typology chosen to characterize them.     

长春南湖广场植物生态和生态经济效益的研究

城市广场作为城市绿地系统的一部分发挥着重要的生态作用。通过对长春市南湖广场的实地调查得出结论：园林植物折算为森林的面积为1．51hm^2;乔木的总叶面积为160442．8m^2,花灌木的总叶面积为15069．21m^2,草坪的面积为10000m^2。长春市南湖广场园林植物生态效益为：南湖广场园林植物每年可放出氧气72．43t,吸收CO2 99．59t,吸滞灰尘54．54t,吸收SO2 0．36t。运用环境效益评价法估算出南湖广场园林植物年吸收CO2经济效益值为12万元,年释放O2经济效益值为2．89万元,总经济价值达14．89万元。     

常见易混淆园林植物的识别

在园林绿化工程中很可能因不能准确识别植物种类而造成工程质量不符合合同要求,从而带来巨大损失。工程中出现品种混乱的原因很多,文章着重论述华中地区一些常见易混淆园林植物的分辨要点。