化学处理对菌糠结构性碳水化合物瘤胃降解率的影响

选用 4头装有永久瘤胃瘘管的杂交肉用黄牛 ,采用 4× 4拉丁方设计研究化学处理对菌糠结构性碳水化合物瘤胃降解特性的影响。结果表明 :菌糖经碱化、氨化及氨化 +碱化处理后 ,NDF的动态降解率 ( P)和瘤胃潜在降解部分 ( a+ b)均有不同程度的提高 ,其中以碱化和氨化 +碱化处理效果最好。香菇菌糠经碱化和氨化 +碱化处理后 ,NDF、CEL及 HC的动态降解率 ( P)分别提高 36.30 % ( p<0 .0 5 )、2 0 .43% ( p<0 .0 5 )、1 1 3.1 1 % ( p<0 .0 5 )和 49.2 2 % ( p<0 .0 5 )、1 8.88% ( p<0 .0 5 )、1 1 0 .5 7% ( p<0 .0 5 )。     

The Past,Present and Future of Domestic Equines in Tanzania

Equines are minor species in Tanzania’s array of domestic livestock. Attempts to use them for transport by early explorers from the mid-nineteenth century usually failed. Donkeys were used extensively as pack animals to complement human porters by both British and German forces in the First World War, but their advantages were often outweighed by slow progress and competition with troops and porters for water, and they died in huge numbers. The British had regular cavalry troops in their campaign and mules found limited use as individual mounts for officers. In modern times, there are very few horses in Tanzania but they find several uses. Exotic safaris are made on horseback, they are used as stock horses on ranches, there is a polo club in northern Tanzania and there are leisure riding activities around the capital city. Official census records for donkeys estimate numbers at under 300,000 with concentrations in the northern pastoral and agropastoral areas where they are used as pack animals with water being the main commodity transported. Elsewhere donkeys are used to a limited extent in transport and traction work. There is little interest in equines by the central and local governments or the general public and the status quo can be expected to continue.     

云南半细毛羊毛囊干细胞生物学特性分析

为研究云南半细毛羊毛囊干细胞（hair follicle stem cells,HFSCs）的生物学特性,采用组织块法分离培养云南半细毛羊HFSCs,并对其细胞形态、生长动力学、冷冻与复苏、染色体核型等生物学特性进行分析.结果表明：HFSCs为贴壁生长,体积小,核质比高,呈典型的铺路石状,在显微镜下折光性强、胞体透亮.细胞生长曲线为“S”型.冻存前细胞活率98.2％,复苏后细胞活率96.4％.染色体中正常二倍体数目2n=54,其中,长染色体中有3对为中着丝点染色体,23对为端着丝点染色体,X染色体为最大的近端着丝点染色体,Y染色体为最小的亚中着丝点染色体.所得细胞呈现典型的HFSCs特征,细胞活性好,细胞系为稳定的二倍体细胞系.     

Antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming: a quantitative and qualitative study on knowledge and practices among farmers in Khartoum, Sudan

Antibiotic resistance is a major emerging global public health threat. Farmers in the Khartoum state are believed to misuse antibiotics in animal farming leading to daily exposure to resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues. Hence, farmers are at potential risk exposure to bacteria, zoonotic infection and toxicity. We hypothesized that farmers' misuse of antibiotics could be due to their ignorance of the importance of optimal use of antibiotics, the potential health hazards and the economical waste associated with antibiotic misuse practices. In the present study, we investigated knowledge and practices among farmers regarding antibiotic use and resistance. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Khartoum state where data were collected from 81 farmers using structured interviews. Data were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Fifty-two per cent of farmers were uneducated or had studied for < 6 years. The majority reported antibiotic use for treatment and prevention while only 5% stated use for growth promotion. Antibiotic group treatment for both sick and healthy animals was commonly practiced among most farmers. The most commonly used group of antibiotics was the quinolones, which was reported by one-third. Only 30% of the farmers had heard of antibiotic resistance and provided their definition. Almost half were not aware of the commonly transferred zoonotic infections between humans and animals. The farmers consume 1-2 meals/day from their own farm products. A significant association between low education, poor knowledge of farmers on antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance and zoonotic infections was found. This association may play a vital role in the present practiced misuse of antibiotics. Our findings on farmers' practices could be used as baseline information in defining the gaps related to antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming in Sudan. It can thus serve as a foundation for future interventions.     

竹叶提取物对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵参数及产气量的影响

本试验旨在研究竹叶提取物对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵参数及产气量的影响。试验选用健康、体况相近的荷斯坦奶牛用于瘤胃液的采集,以精粗比为4∶6的全混合日粮作为发酵底物。试验组分为6组,各组分别添加0(对照)、0.75、1.50、3.00、4.50、6.00 mg/g的竹叶提取物,每组6个重复,每个重复3个批次。体外发酵24 h后,记录产气量,测定瘤胃发酵参数。结果表明:1)各组的发酵液pH均无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验组的发酵液中氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其中3.00和4.50 mg/g竹叶提取物组的发酵液中NH_3-N浓度显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。试验组的发酵液中干物质消失率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2) 4.50、6.00 mg/g竹叶提取物组的发酵液中总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著高于其他各组(P <0. 05); 3. 00、4.50、6. 00 mg/g竹叶提取物组的发酵液中乙酸浓度显著高于其他各组(P <0. 05); 4. 50、6.00 mg/g竹叶提取物组的发酵液中丙酸浓度显著高于对照组(P <0. 05); 3. 00、4. 50、6. 00 mg/g竹叶提取物组的发酵液中丁酸浓度显著低于其他各组(P<0.05); 6.00 mg/g竹叶提取物组的发酵液中异戊酸浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各组的发酵液中异丁酸、戊酸浓度以及乙酸/丙酸均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)试验组的体外发酵甲烷体积和甲烷含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各组的体外发酵产气量无显著差异(P> 0.05)。综上所述,体外条件下添加竹叶提取物在不影响瘤胃发酵模式的同时可以显著降低甲烷排放,其中添加4.50 mg/g竹叶提取物效果最佳。     

人文因素视域下西藏草地退化问题研究

选择西藏藏北地区那曲市附近3个典型乡(镇)——那曲镇、罗玛镇、孔玛乡所属的行政村,采用参与式农村评估法中的半结构式访谈对当地的牧户进行了大量的问卷调查,以透过人文因素视角对草地生态问题进行研究,挖掘和剖析牧户特定的生态观念及生产方式,从而为该地区草地—家畜—人群生态体系和谐共处、生态环境脆弱性评价以及有针对性地进行草地生态保护提供参考依据。调查结果表明,70%的牧户认为草地质量变差,且65.0%的牧户认为鼠、虫害是造成草地退化的首要原因;在对草地退化所采取措施的认知中,21.7%的牧户认为应该减少牛、羊数量。     

河南省陆地植被净第一性生产力估算及其时空分布

基于地理信息系统和卫星遥感技术,利用地面气象数据和MODIS数据,同时考虑河南省自身实际地理和植被覆盖情况,在对最大光利用率和水分胁迫系数的获取进行改进的基础上,利用CASA模型对河南省植被净第一性生产力（NPP）进行了估算,并分析了其时空分布。结果表明,2008年河南省NPP生产量为34.87 Mt C,NPP空间分布和植被类型有密切关系,森林植被最大,然后依次是灌丛、草地、农田等。12、1和2月NPP最小,植物基本停止生长,植被的NPP只占全年的1.38％;5、7和8月的NPP最大,占全年总量的56.84％。与Miami、Montreal、Chinkugo模型相比,本研究结果和Miami模型结果最为接近,植被类型NPP均值排序和Chinkugo模型相似;与实测数据对比结果显示,模拟值接近于实测值,说明模型适用于河南省NPP的模拟。     

不同水平膨化血粉对生长鹅生产性能及盲肠微生物菌群的影响

为了研究不同水平膨化血粉对生长鹅生长性能及盲肠微生物菌群的影响,试验选择300只28日龄、体重为(1 142.68±50.64)g的豁眼鹅,随机分为3组(日粮中分别添加1.5%、3.0%、4.5%的膨化血粉),每组设5个重复,每个重复20只鹅,进行为期28 d的饲养试验。结果表明:不同水平的膨化血粉对生长鹅的生长性能有显著的影响,3.0%膨化血粉组的平均日增重、平均日采食量显著高于膨化血粉4.5%组、膨化血粉1.5%组;在料重比方面,3.0%膨化血粉组显著低于其他两组。在3种不同水平的膨化血粉处理中,3.0%膨化血粉组乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量显著高于其他组,而大肠杆菌的数量却最低;1.5%膨化血粉组乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量均低于其他组,而大肠杆菌的数量在3种处理中最高。说明在生长鹅的基础日粮中添加3.0%膨化血粉具有较好的应用效果。     

玉米秸秆不同部位营养成分、体外消化率和有效能的比较

为了高效利用玉米秸秆各部位,采用近红外漫反射光谱法,以整株玉米秸秆作为对照,对玉米秸秆不同部位(茎髓、茎皮、苞叶和叶片)的营养成分,干物质(DM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF) 30、48 h体外消化率、有效能和吨干物质产奶量等进行了测定。结果显示:粗脂肪、粗蛋白在叶片中含量最高,茎皮中最低;苞叶中的淀粉、总可消化养分和非纤维性碳水化合物含量最高;茎皮中的酸性洗涤纤维、木质素的含量最高,苞叶和叶片中含量较低;苞叶的DM (48 h)和NDF (30,48 h)的体外消化率最高,显著高于叶片、茎髓、整株秸秆、茎皮(P<0. 05);苞叶的有效能和吨干物质产奶量显著高于其叶片(P<0. 05),叶片显著高于茎髓、整株秸秆、茎皮(P<0. 05)。综合以上指标比较,玉米秸秆各部位的综合营养价值存在差异,从高到低的顺序为苞叶>叶片>茎髓>整株秸秆>茎皮。     

贵州高羊茅新品种(系)比较试验

2007-2010年对选育鉴定的高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)新品系,按照完全随机区组排列设计方法,进行品种比较试验.结果表明,在株高30～40 cm时刈割测产,大方高羊茅每年的鲜草产量和干物质产量都比对照Fawn高许多,其中第2年的鲜草产量和干物质产量分别为87 825和15 360 kg/hm2,...