Methods of overcoming interspecific barriers in Trifolium

Summary Barriers to interspecific hybridization in Trifolium were investigated by manipulation of mentor pollen treatments, ploidy levels, and compatibility and male sterility systems. Crosses involving the addition of mentor pollen produced fewer seeds and hybrids than crosses involving normal pollination. Lower seed set with mentor pollen was deduced to result from the use of less viable pollen, approximately half the pollen having been killed by alcohol. Pollinations at the diploid level resulted in more hybrids than at the tetraploid level, perhaps because genes for male sterility produced higher female sterility in the tetraploids. The self-compatible stock produced more seeds, mostly selfs, than the self-incompatible stock, but produced more hybrids only in one cross, T. pratense L. × T. diffusum Ehrh. The use of male-sterile female parents reduced selfing but produced fewer hybrids than male-fertile female parents. Techniques of this study were designed to affect prefertilization barriers, but the lack of effect may indicate that postfertilization barriers in Trifolium are of greater importance.Journal Article No. 98-3-208 of Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. Published with approval of the Director.     

不同混交模式对柳杉幼林生长的影响及竞争关系研究

本文对不同混交模式的土壤物理性质、林分生长状况和林木竞争对柳杉幼林生长的影响进行分析,结果表明:柳杉幼林阶段刺槐与柳杉混交模式对柳杉幼林生长的影响要比其他几种模式要小。不同混交模式林分竞争指数的大小顺序为:纯林柳杉>柳杉与滇柏混交模式>柳杉与桦木混交模式>柳杉与刺槐混交模式>柳杉与漆树混交模式。通过幂函数C I=ADB预测柳杉-刺槐混交模式中,柳杉个体胸径与竞争的关系,柳杉种内及柳杉-刺槐种间竞争的内外圈竞争指数总趋势是随着对象木的胸径增大而减小,当对象木的胸径达到20 cm后,竞争指数变化不大,因此要获得高产量的柳杉木材,在柳杉个体胸径达到20 cm之前,必须进行人工抚育,以利于柳杉个体的生长发育。     

Breaking the crossability barriers between disomic tetraploid Solanum acaule and tetrasomic tetraploid S. tuberosum

Summary A combination of compatible second pollinations and embryo rescue was applied for systematic production of true tetraploid hybrids from crosses between disomic tetraploid Solanum acaule and tetrasomic tetraploid potato, S. tuberosum. Several genotypes of tetraploid potatoes were pollinated with S. acaule, and the compatible second pollinations were made on the following day, with a genotype of S. phureja, IvP 35 to promote fruit development. Embryo rescue was carried out in 21 families, 14 to 27 days after the first pollination. A total of eight plants were obtained from the embryo rescue and their chromosome numbers were counted in the root tips. Three of the eight plants were identified as tetraploid, and five others as diploid. Morphology, isozyme banding patterns, and pollen stainability, as well as potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) resistance, indicated the hybrid nature of the three plants. This is the first report of successful tetraploid hybrid production between disomic tetraploid S. acaule (4x) and tetrasomic tetraploid potatoes. Seed set from the crosses between one of hybrids and diploid potatoes indicated workable levels of both male and female fertility for introgression of valuable genes from S. acaule into the cultivated potato gene pool. The methodology used may be applied to other disomic tetraploid tuber-bearing Solanum species and with some modifications also to distantly related solanaceous species and genera.     

Development of B-Genome Chromosome Addition Lines of B. napus Using Different Interspecific Brassica Hybrids

By interspecific hybridization within the genus Brassica, trigenomic haploids were produced and back-crossed four times with B. napus, variety ‘Andor’. From this material, monosomic B-genome chromosome addition lines were selected with the extra chromosome derived from three different B-genome sources, i.e., B. nigra (BB), B. carinata (BBCC), and B. juncea (AABB). After selfing and/or microspore culture, disomic addition lines were obtained. Meiotic behavior was studied of the trigenomic hybrids, the pentaploid BC₁ plants, and the monosomic addition lines. The addition lines were shown to possess cytological stability and good fertility.     

黑籽南瓜种间杂交研究

通过调整播期克服了南瓜属种间花期不遇的问题,以美洲南瓜、中国南瓜、印度南瓜3个种共12个材料与黑籽南瓜进行了种间杂交试验。黑籽南瓜为母本不结实,以其他3个种为母本则均可结实。美洲南瓜×黑籽南瓜及印度南瓜×黑籽南瓜杂交获得的果实内均无种子。获得了18株中国南瓜×黑籽南瓜F1植株。种间杂种F1植株雄蕊退化,以其作为母本以中国南瓜或黑籽南瓜为父本进行回交,可结实但无种子。中国南瓜×黑籽南瓜F1形态为双亲中间型偏父本,其抗病性、抗虫性不及父本黑籽南瓜而倾向于母本中国南瓜。     

福建省实施农产品品牌现状与策略

20世纪90年代以来,随着农产品短缺时代的结束,市场需求开始发生改变,农产品销售面临着严峻的挑战,特别是加入WTO后,农产品的商品化程度不断提高,农产品的市场竞争出现了越来越激烈的发展态势,品牌农产品是农产品市场竞争的核心内容,高品质的品牌农产品成为市场追捧的对象,品牌农产品在市场经济中的地位逐步上升。文章针对福建省农产品发展的现状,在分析影响农产品品牌的因素的基础上,提出了福建省实施农产品品牌的思路、目标和对策与措施。     

野鸢尾和射干种间杂交F_2代主要性状变异分析

通过观测野鸢尾(Iris dichotoma)×射干(I.domestica)杂交F2代群体(n=61)中每一个体的株高、花径、花数、花色和彩斑等14个表型性状,对F2代与双亲性状差异、群体性状变异、主要性状间遗传相关性及花色遗传变异等方面进行分析,以明确F2群体性状变异特点,指导夏季开花鸢尾育种实践。结果表明:F2代12个性状中,8个性状的观测值居于双亲之间;除花朵直径和花朵数量外,花葶长等10个性状基本均呈正态分布,属多基因控制的数量性状;性状之间存在一定相关性,外花被长与内花被长和外花被宽与内花被宽的相关度最高,相关系数分别为0.821和0.734,趋于连锁遗传;对颜色性状的分析结果表明花色和花瓣彩斑的遗传由不同基因调控,但都是由多个基因共同控制。野鸢尾×射干F2代群体的花朵直径、花朵数量、花葶长及花色变异丰富,利于大花、多花、花葶矮生和奇异花色的优良单株的选择。     

氮磷比对两种蓝藻生长及竞争的影响

通过室内实验研究了不同氮磷比条件下主要水华藻类——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginisa)和巨颤藻(Oscillatoria princeps)的生长和种间竞争。结果表明,无论在纯培养体系还是混合培养体系中,微囊藻在中氮磷比(N/P=4.5)下生长最好,颤藻在低氮磷比(N/P=0.45)下生长最好;氮磷比对藻类的种间竞争抑制参数能够产生明显影响,中氮磷比时微囊藻对颤藻的竞争抑制参数最大,分别是高氮磷比(N/P=45)和低氮磷比时的1.38倍和1.35倍;而颤藻对微囊藻的竞争抑制参数则是在低氮磷比时最大,分别是高氮磷比和中氮磷比时的2.22倍和4.02倍。中、高氮磷比时微囊藻对颤藻的竞争抑制参数(α)大于颤藻对微囊藻的竞争抑制参数(β),而低氮磷比时则相反。根据Lotka-Volterra竞争模型中两物种的竞争结局可初步判断,中、高氮磷比时,微囊藻在竞争中占优势,低氮磷比时,微囊藻和颤藻不稳定共存。     

菊属种间杂种的鉴定

利用RAPD技术、细胞学及形态学手段对菊属种间杂种进行鉴定。RAPD标记结果表明：杂种表现出父本特异带或双亲均不具备的新谱带。细胞学鉴定结果表明：杂种染色体数目为亲本平均值。形态学性状观察、统计表明：大多数杂种性状介于双亲之间,但部分性状则较为明显地相似于多倍体;部分杂种表现父本特异性状,或出现双亲所不具备的新性状;二倍体野生种与栽培菊花杂种形态分离广泛,说明多倍体栽培菊花具复杂的遗传背景。     

敦煌阳关保护区湿地植物群落优势种种间关系分析

用χ2检验和Pearson 相关系数检验以及Spearman 秩相关系数检验方法,分析了甘肃敦煌阳关保护区湿地植物群落中16 个优势种的种间关联性,从而可为其湿地的保护、管理和恢复提供科学依据。结果表明：多物种总体关联性检验结果显示16 个优势种总体种间呈负关联,表明该群落结构不稳定;χ2检验中呈正相关的物种对有53 个,呈负相关的物种对有67 个,正负关联比为0.79;Spearman 秩相关系数检验与χ2检验和Pearson 相关系数检验相比,有较高的灵敏度,其中52 个种对呈正相关,68 个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.76;3 种检验结果都表明,大多数种间关联程度不显著,且负关联的种对数多于正关联,说明敦煌阳关保护区湿地植物群落比较脆弱,群落的结构简单,仍处于演替之中。根据Spearman 秩相关系数结果,将16 个优势种划分为3 种类型的生态种组。种间关联性分析对全面认识阳关保护区湿地优势种间的相互关系具有重要意义,可为该保护区湿地资源的可持续利用和多样性保护提供理论依据。