Assessment of microbial biocontrol agent (BCA) viability to mechanical and thermal stress by simulating spray application conditions

Background

In order to improve the biological control agent (BCA) efficacy, stress factors threatening the viability of microorganisms during spray application need to be determined. The effect of spray mixture temperature and exposure time on Trichoderma harzianum T 22 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 viability were tested. Concurrently the combined effect of mechanical and thermal stress effect on BCA viability were tested at two initial spray mixture temperatures (14 and 25 °C) by simulating a spray application using airblast sprayers featured by different tank capacity and a spray liquid circuit (without and with hydraulic agitation system). To assess the BCA microorganism viability, spray mixture samples were collected at time intervals along trials and plated to count the colony forming units (CFU).

Results

The critical temperature threshold that inhibited BCA viability was 35 °C with 30 min of exposure. The sprayer type, the initial temperature of the spray mixture and the temperature increment during the trials significantly decreased the number of CFU recovered. When simulating a spray application, the spray mixture temperature increase rate was determined mainly by the residual amount of spray mixture in the tank. Even if the tank capacity does not substantially affect the final temperature reached by the spray mixture, the higher residual spray mixture in bigger tanks can expose the BCAs for a longer time to critical temperatures.

Conclusions

Experimental trials allowed us to identify the effect of factors affecting the viability of tested BCAs, providing information about the actual chance to guarantee the biological efficacy of BCA treatments. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

樟树溃疡病综合防治研究

樟树溃疡病菌为弱寄生茵，主要从植株伤口和衰弱组织侵入。在防治上应采取以营林技术措施为基础，以减少创伤，提高植株抗病力为主的综合防治措施；即(1)选用健壮无病苗木；(2)选择土壤肥沃、湿润、深厚、排水良好的中性或微酸性土壤的林地造林；(3)避免植株机械损伤和日光灼伤；(4)在子囊孢子释放初期喷施70％甲基托布津1000倍液、40％多茵灵1000倍液、70％代森锰锌500倍液或等量式波尔多液等药剂保护；植株发病后和整枝伤口处，喷施70％甲基托布津1000倍液或40％多茵灵1000倍液等药剂。     

中国黑土退化现状与防治对策

我国黑土退化现象是比较严重的 ,在当今世界各国都注重生态安全 ,努力追求可持续发展的形势下 ,有必要加大对我国黑土退化的研究。本文对中国黑土退化的现状及影响中国黑土退化的各种因素做了论述 ,并提出了中国黑土退化防治的一些措施和建议。这对于保护我国黑土资源、保障我国的粮食安全和我国黑土区的生态安全有一定的意义。     

宜昌松材线虫病疫木内病原、媒介昆虫分布规律研究及防治建议

为进一步完善本区域松材线虫除治方案,组织开展松材线虫及媒介昆虫在疫木体内分布规律研究,重点弄清疫木伐桩的传染性,并根据试验结果和相关文献资料,对宜昌松材线虫病的防治提出建议:适当简化伐桩处理;彻底清理林分中衰弱木和感病木;确保重点区域生态安全;加强疫木管控。     

农村金融深化促进了农村产业融合发展吗?——基于区域差异视角的实证分析

在当前全社会高度重视金融服务乡村振兴的背景下,厘清农村金融深化对农村产业融合发展的影响至关重要。基于金融深化理论,利用2008—2017年中国省际面板数据,在测算农村产业融合发展水平和农村金融深化程度的基础上,采用FGLS方法和SYS-GMM方法,系统考察了农村金融深化对中国农村产业融合发展的影响及其区域差异。结果表明,农村金融深化程度和农村产业融合发展水平由2008年的1.029 5和1.039 3上升到2017年的2.717 4和2.604 8,年均增长率分别为11.39%和10.75%。农村金融深化显著促进了中国农村产业融合发展水平的提升,且这种影响存在明显的区域差异,相比于中西部地区,农村金融深化对农村产业融合发展的提升作用在东部地区更加显著。运用面板门槛模型检验发现,地区之间农村金融深化程度、农村人力资本水平和交通基础设施水平的不同,是造成农村金融深化对农村产业融合发展的影响存在区域差异的重要原因。因此,提出不断增加农村产业融合发展的金融供给,因地制宜实施农村产业融合发展的促进政策等建议。     

辽宁省海洋渔业产量结构调整的初步研究

根据辽宁省海洋渔业统计资料,分析了辽宁省海洋渔业产量结构,运用剩余产量模型估算了最大持续产量,运用ARIMA(pdq)时间序列模型与GM(11)模型分析预测了2004～2010年海水养殖产量、远洋渔业产量与各海区的捕捞产量。结果表明:辽宁省近海捕捞产量已经超过最大持续产量,如不采取有效措施仍将有一定程度的增长,在渤海与黄海的产量到2010年将比2003年增加23.40万t与23.79万t;远洋渔业与海水养殖业,其产量在2010年将比2003年增加8.59万t与242.40万t。文章对辽宁省海洋渔业产量结构调整进行了讨论。     

Prevention of blowfly strike on coarse and fine woolled sheep with the insect growth regulator dicyclanil

OBJECTIVE: To assess a ready-to-use formulation of dicyclanil to prevent blowfly strike on coarse and fine woolled sheep under New Zealand conditions. DESIGN: Randomized clinical field trials. PROCEDURE: In a first field trial, coarse wooled sheep treated with a ready-to-use, 5% dicyclanil formulation were compared with untreated control sheep for up to 21 weeks. In a second field trial, fine woolled sheep, treated with the same dicyclanil formulation, were compared with untreated sheep for up to 19 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by calculating the aggregated cumulative strike rate. RESULTS: For trial 1 (coarse woolled sheep) the aggregated cumulative strike rate at the end of the trial at week 21 after treatment reached 3.9% and 19.1% for treated and untreated sheep, respectively. For the treated animals the aggregated cumulative strike rate reached the 1% and 2% benchmarks between weeks 11 and 12. For trial 2 (fine woolled sheep) the aggregated cumulative strike rate at the end of the trial at week 19 reached 0.6% and 7.5% for treated and untreated sheep, respectively. Wool length at the time of application did not substantially influence the efficacy of dicyclanil. CONCLUSION: Under New Zealand field conditions, a ready-to-use 5% spray-on formulation of dicyclanil protected coarse woolled sheep for at least 12 weeks and fine woolled sheep for at least 19 weeks.     

贵州中药材白及病虫害种类的调查与综合防治

为了摸清贵州中药材白及的病虫害种类及发生情况,为其防治提供参考,2010-2011年采用踏查、普查和定点定时系统调查的方式对贵州白及中药材的病虫害种类进行了调查。结果表明:贵州白及共有常见病虫害9种,病害主要为块茎腐烂病(Rhizoctonia sp)、块茎生理性腐烂病、白及叶褐斑病和白及叶斑灰霉病4种,虫害为菜蚜(Lipaphi serysimi)、细胸金针虫(Agriotes fuscicollis)和螨3种,其他有2种,即蜗牛(Fruticicola ravida)和鼠害。根据种植基地的病虫害发生情况,提出了白及病虫害的综合防治技术。     

土壤日晒在绿色植保中的应用与展望

土壤消毒主要用于土壤病虫草害防控。过去几十年,土壤主要采用化学药品熏蒸消毒,不合理使用容易造成环境污染。土壤蒸汽消毒、火焰消毒和热水浇灌等需要专门的仪器设备,且存在能耗较高、灭生性强、容易破坏土壤结构等缺点。目前,土壤日晒技术受到意大利、美国、以色列等70多个国家农业科学家的广泛关注,但在中国依然处于初级阶段。本文总结了国内外学者关于土壤日晒对农业病虫草害、土壤肥力、农作物产量等方面的影响与应用,分析了土壤日晒存在的局限性,并对土壤日晒在未来农业绿色防控上的应用前景进行了展望,以期为农产品无公害生产提供理论依据和实践参考。     

改进型和传统型复合垂直流人工湿地的净化效果研究

通过构建传统型复合垂直流人工湿地系统（IntegratedVerticalFlowConstructedWetlandsSystem：IVFCWS）和改进型复合垂直流人工湿地系统（ImprovedIntegratedVerticalFlowConstructedWetlandsSystem：IIVFCWS）,并在其中分别种植彩叶草-太阳草（Coleusblumei-Toninafluviatilis：CT）和美人蕉-大水剑（Cannaindica-Acoruscalamus：CA）,以无植物人工湿地系统为对照,比较研究不同植物组合下两种构型的人工湿地系统对生活污水的净化效果。结果表明,IIVFCWS对CODCr、NH4＋-N、TN的净化效果显著优于IVFCWS,而对TP的去除效果则是IVFCWS较IIVFCWS强。有植物的人工湿地系统去除污染物的效果较无植物的对照系统好,其中彩叶草-太阳草组合湿地系统的去除效果较美人蕉-大水剑组合的强,分别为：CODCr的平均去除率在80．8％-52．8％之间;NH4-N的去除率在93．6％-52．3％之间;TN的去除率在96．4％～67．6％之间,TP的平均去除率均达93．6％以上。