黄土高原典型土壤有机氮矿化过程中非交换性铵态氮的变化

以黄土高原从北向南不同地区典型土壤类为对象，采用Bramner淹水培养法，研究黄土高原不同生境条件下土壤有机氮矿化过程中非交换性铵态氮的变化。结果表明：土壤非交换性NH4^＋ -N随Bremner法淹水培养时间延长，含量增加。不同土壤类型在培养20d时非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量存在显著差异（p=0．0229），而培养40d和60d时差异不显著（P分别为0．1379和0．1159）。培养期间非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量均表现为以土垫旱耕人为土最大，其次是黄土正常新成土，简育干润均腐土和干湿砂质新成土较小；添加有机物料极显著影响培养期间的非交换性NH4^＋ -N增加量（培养20d、40d和60d时P分别为0．0002，0．004和0．0003），表现为紫花苜蓿和长芒草土壤非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量均极显著高于不添加有机物料的对照土壤；在培养20d、40d和60d时，加（NH4）2SO4土样非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量显著大于不加（NH4）2SO4土样（户分别为0．0037，0．0033和0．0027），这是土壤对（NH4）2SO4中NH4^＋ -N固定的必然结果；不同植被类型土壤培养20d时的非交换性NH4^＋ -N增加量差异显著（P=0．0434），培养40d和60d时差异不显著（p分别为0．7378和0．5375）；长期秸秆和氮肥配施土壤非交换性NH4^＋ -N增加量大于不施肥对照土壤，但差异不显著土壤黏粒、全氮和有机质与培养0d、20d、40d和60d时土壤的非交换性NH4^＋ -N含量均呈极显著正相关；而非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量与粘粒无相关性，但与全氛和有机质呈显著正相关。     

有机酸对不同磷源施入石灰性潮土后无机磷形态转化的影响

采用室内培养和化学分析的方法研究了几种有机酸对石灰性潮土无机磷形态转化的影响。结果表明,1)石灰性潮土中磷素主要以有效性很低的磷酸盐(Ca10-P等)形式存在,而有效性较高的磷酸盐(Ca8-P等)含量较少,Ca2-P就更少。2)不同磷源施入土壤后,无机磷总量相应增加。磷酸二氢钾与磷酸二钙主要向Ca8-P、Al-P等有效性相对较差的磷素形态转化,磷酸八钙、氟磷灰石、磷酸铁、磷酸铝等有效性较差的磷源,在较短的时期内主要以自身的形态存在。3)施加各种有机酸可以不同程度地降低土壤中Fe-P、Al-P和Ca10-P含量,增加Ca2-P、Ca8-P和O-P含量,总的趋势是促进土壤中植物难以利用的无机磷形态向植物可以利用的形态转化。这种促进能力因有机酸种类和性质的不同而不同,其作用大小顺序为草酸柠檬酸酒石酸。     

长期施氮、磷、钾化肥对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

以1990年建立的国家褐潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地(北京昌平站)的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究了不同施肥制度对玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,长期均衡地施NPK肥或NPK与有机肥配施,可以显著提高玉米产量和土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等肥力指标,并能提高土壤微量元素的含量;而不均衡施肥(N、NK、NP、PK)导致相应的营养元素的耗竭。相关分析表明,在褐潮土上增施磷肥和有机肥对提高玉米产量具有重要的作用。     

贵州西部喀斯特石漠化地区退耕弃荒地土壤氮素变异特征

研究以贵州西部喀斯特石漠化地区退耕弃荒地土壤为研究对象,在保证自然因素相对一致的条件下,根据退耕年限的不同和有无梯化过程,采集土壤样品进行全氮及氮素形态的化学分析。结果表明,该区域土壤有机质、全氮及各形态氮素含量呈现先降后升的趋势。根据此结论,并结合该区域性水热同期的先天条件,认为在贵州西部喀斯特石漠化地区土壤氮素肥力的自然修复是存在可能的。     

Long‐term effects of fertilization on some soil properties under rainfed soybean‐wheat cropping in the Indian Himalayas

This study aims to examine the effects of long‐term fertilization and cropping on some chemical and microbiological properties of the soil in a 32 y old long‐term fertility experiment at Almora (Himalayan region, India) under rainfed soybean‐wheat rotation. Continuous annual application of recommended doses of chemical fertilizer and 10 Mg ha^–1 FYM on fresh‐weight basis (NPK + FYM) to soybean (Glycine max L.) sustained not only higher productivity of soybean and residual wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop, but also resulted in build‐up of total soil organic C (SOC), total soil N, P, and K. Concentration of SOC increased by 40% and 70% in the NPK + FYM–treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha^–1) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha^–1), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean was 29% and that from wheat was 24% of the harvestable aboveground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment from initial soil in the 0–15 cm layer were 4362 and 333 kg C ha^–1, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was observed that the soils under the unfertilized control, NK and N + FYM treatments, suffered a net annual loss of 5.1, 5.2, and 15.8 kg P ha^–1, respectively, whereas the soils under NP, NPK, and NPK + FYM had net annual gains of 25.3, 18.8, and 16.4 kg P ha^–1, respectively. There was net negative K balance in all the treatments ranging from 6.9 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in NK to 82.4 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in N + FYM–treated plots. The application of NPK + FYM also recorded the highest levels of soil microbial‐biomass C, soil microbial‐biomass N, populations of viable and culturable soil microbes.     

Influence of non-cellulose structural carbohydrate composition on plant material decomposition in soil

The C mineralisation pattern during the early stage of decomposition of plant materials is largely determined by their content of different carbohydrates. This study investigated whether detailed plant analysis could provide a better prediction of C mineralisation during decomposition than proximate analysis [neutral detergent solution (NDF)/acid detergent solution (ADF)]. The detailed analysis included sugars, fructans, starch, pectin, cellulose, lignin and organic N. To determine whether differences in decomposition rate were related to differences in hemicellulose composition, the analysis particularly emphasised the concentrations of arabinose and xylose in hemicelluloses. Carbon dioxide evolution was monitored hourly in soil amended with ten different plant materials. Principal component and regression analysis showed that C mineralisation during day 1 was closely related to free sugars, fructans and soluble organic N components (R ² = 0.83). The sum of non-cellulose structural carbohydrates (intermediate NDF/ADF fraction) was not related to C mineralisation between days 1 and 9. In contrast, a model including starch and protein in addition to the non-cellulose structural carbohydrates, with the hemicelluloses replaced by arabinose and xylose, showed a strong relationship with evolved CO₂ (R ² = 0.87). Carbon mineralisation between days 9 and 34 was better explained by xylan, cellulose and lignin (R ² = 0.72) than by lignocellulose in the ADF fraction. Our results indicated that proximate analyses were not sufficient to explain differences in decomposition. To predict C mineralisation from the range of plant materials studied, we propose a minimum set of analyses comprising total N, free sugars, starch, arabinose, xylan, cellulose and lignin.     

缓控释氮素肥料的研究现状与展望

在前人有关缓控释肥料文献的基础上,介绍了缓控释氮肥的缓效途径和研究发展情况。重点阐述了缓控释氮肥的分类和缓控释机理。此外,对今后缓控释肥料研究发展提出了一些见解。     

浅析我国植物检疫领域标准样品研究现状

本文介绍了标准样品研制工作在我国植物检疫领域的发展历程,梳理分析了已发布/立项标准样品的相关数据,结合作者单位在该领域研制标准样品实践经验,对植物检疫领域标准样品存在的问题进行了讨论,以供今后工作参考.     

烟草综合利用现状及其前景

目前我国种植的烟草主要用作卷烟原料,但烟草栽培上的副产物以及卷烟工业中的废次物占其生物学产量一半以上,如何合理综合利用烟草关系到我国烟草农业以及卷烟工业的可持续发展。从烟草各个部位、卷烟工业废次物以及转基因烟草三个方面对国内外烟草综合利用的现状作一简要综述,并对烟草的综合利用前景进行展望。     

茅台酒有机原料基地耕地的生产能力及持续利用对策

根据茅台酒有机原料基地旱耕地存在的土壤干旱、水土流失与土壤侵蚀、土壤瘠薄等问题,分析了发展有机农业的潜力,提出了加强农田基本建设,强化固土蓄水综合技术,推行保护性耕作技术,发展农耕农艺保持型生态农业,广辟有机肥源,促进地力增加,提高植被覆盖率,进一步改善生态环境等持续利用措施。