Content of Nutrient and Antinutrient in Edible Flowers of Wild Plants in Mexico

Nutrient and antinutritional/toxic factors present in some edible flowers consumed in Mexico were determined. The edible flowers were: Agave salmiana, Aloe vera, Arbutus xalapensis, Cucurbita pepo (cultivated), Erythrina americana, Erythrina caribaea, Euphorbia radians benth and Yucca filifera. The nutrient content in the flowers studied is similar to that of the edible leaves and flowers studied mainly in Africa. The moisture content of the flowers varied from 860 to 932 g kg⁻¹. Crude protein (CP) was between 113 to 275 g kg⁻¹ DM, crude fiber, 104 to 177 g kg⁻¹ DM and the nitrogen free extract, between 425 to 667 g kg⁻¹ DM. The highest chemical score (CS) was found in E. americana and A. salmiana; in five samples the limiting amino acid was lysine, and in three of them it was tryptophan. Trypsin inhibitors and hemaglutinnins had a very low concentration. Alkaloids were present in both the Erythrina species and the saponins in A. salmiana and Y. filifera. Cyanogenic glucosides were not found in the studied flowers. The traditional process of preparing these specific flowers before consumption is by cooking them and discarding the broth; in this way the toxic substances are diminished or eliminated. These edible flowers from wild plants consumed in local areas of the country play an important role in the diet of the people at least during the short time of the season where they are blooming.     

中国禾本科植物内生真菌研究--东营市盐碱地区的禾本科植物内生真菌的检测与分布特征

从山东省东营地区的东营市郊、孤岛和马场的盐碱地采集了644个禾本科草本植物样品,通过镜检确认,所有采样地区采集的植物样品中都含有内生真菌,内生真菌含有率和地区、植物种类等有关.和其他地区相比,盐碱地区禾本科植物的种类和分布数量明显减少,在全部样品中,盐碱程度高的地区内生真菌偏少.在Roegnaria属的各个草种中,内生真菌检出率对盐碱程度变化的反应有所不同.研究发现,在高盐碱环境中检测到的内生真菌的生物学特性将是一个有趣的课题.     

惠州市彩叶植物资源调查

调查了惠州市彩叶植物资源的种类及其应用,结果表明：应用于惠州市园林绿地的彩叶植物共有68种。34科,其中优势科为龙舌兰科、百合科、大戟科和桑科。本文并就惠州市彩叶植物资源的合理应用提出建议。     

山杏种内POD同工酶及种子可溶性蛋白分析

应用叶片POD同工酶和种子可溶性蛋白PAGE技术,研究丰产、晚花、抗冻和甜仁山杏初选优株的遗传特性及分类,结果表明,60%以上的优株具有可遗传性;叶片POD同工酶和种子可溶性蛋白多态、稳定、活性强,两个指标的聚类分析结果与形态特征和生物学特性分类基本吻合,且具有信息量大和准确性高的特点,认为二者可作为山杏种内变异的遗传标记。     

海南铜鼓岭国家自然保护区药用植物调查研究

结合传统的路线法、小样方法与固定样地法调查铜鼓岭保护区药用植物在群落中的分布情况。结果表明,铜鼓岭国家自然保护区共有药用植物640种,隶属136科544属。其中,蕨类植物20种,隶属14科17属;裸子植物1种;被子植物618种,隶 属120科525属。640种药用植物中包括4种海南特有种植物,8种濒危珍惜、国家级保护植物。经过调查分析发现,铜鼓岭保护区药用植物资源在植物群落中占有重要地位,如贡甲、海南大风子、赤楠蒲桃等在铜鼓岭保护区的分布广泛且数量众多,其中海南大风子是国家级珍稀保护植物,但在铜鼓岭保护区内却是优势物种,这是铜鼓岭保护区药用植物资源的重要特色。     

Respiration pattern and microbial use of field-grown transgenic Bt-maize residues

A 49-day incubation experiment was carried out with the addition of field-grown maize stem and leaf residues to soil at three different temperatures (5, 15, and 25 °C). The aim was to study the effects of two transgenic Bt-maize varieties in comparison to their two parental non-Bt varieties on the mineralization of the residues, on their incorporation into the microbial biomass and on changes in the microbial community structure. The stem and leaf residues of Novelis-Bt contained 3.9 μg g⁻¹ dry weight of the Bt toxin Cry1Ab and those of Valmont-Bt only 0.8 μg g⁻¹. The residues of the two parental non-Bt varieties Nobilis and Prelude contained higher concentrations of ergosterol (+220%) and glucosamine (+190%) and had a larger fungal C-to-bacterial C ratio (+240%) than the two Bt varieties. After adding the Bt residues, an initial peak in respiration of an extra 700 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil or 4% of the added amount was observed in comparison to the two non-Bt varieties at all three temperatures. On average of the four varieties, 19-38% of the maize C added was mineralized during the 49-day incubation at the three different temperatures. The overall mean increase in total maize-derived CO₂ evolution corresponded to a Q₁₀ value of 1.4 for both temperature steps, i.e. from 5 to 15 °C and from 15 to 25 °C. The addition of maize residues led to a strong increase in all microbial properties analyzed. The highest contents were always measured at 5 °C and the lowest at 25 °C. The variety-specific contents of microbial biomass C, biomass N, ATP and adenylates increased in the order Novelis-Bt ? Prelude<Valmont-Bt ? Nobilis. The mineralization of Novelis-Bt residues with the highest Bt concentration and lowest N concentration and their incorporation into the microbial biomass was significantly reduced compared to the parental non-Bt variety Nobilis. These negative effects increased considerably from 5 to 25 °C. The transgenic Bt variety Valmont did not show further significant effects except for the initial peak in respiration at any temperature.     

外来入侵植物意大利苍耳在我国适生区预测

意大利苍耳是20世纪90年代入侵我国的检疫性杂草,近年来呈快速扩散趋势。明确其适生区对科学监测和控制该杂草意义重大。本研究采用生态位模型预测了其在我国的适生区。首先利用原产地北美洲的分布点构建GARP生态位模型预测其在全球适生区,然后利用全球已知入侵点为独立检验数据通过ROC曲线检验模型的准确性。分析显示原产地数据构建生态位模型具有很强的预测能力(AUC=0.91)。进而将该模型投影到中国,结果显示除青海、西藏、新疆天山山脉以南和内蒙古北部地区外的区域都是意大利苍耳在我国的适生区。针对于意大利苍耳在我国广阔的适生区以及繁殖能力强、种子具钩刺等易于扩散的生物学特性和多样化的扩散途径,意大利苍耳在中国即将进入一个快速扩散阶段。建议对新入侵的地区采取早期根除措施,加大对适生区内港口、机场、旅游区等极易传入区域的监测力度,以预防其再度入侵和控制其在我国进一步的扩散。     

珠海淇澳岛4种红树植物ITS区段的序列测定

以改良的CTAB法提取珠海淇澳岛4种红树植物的总DNA,使用通用引物分别对其ITS区段的序列进行PCR扩增及测序,并对所测序列进行比对分析.结果表明,桐花树、木榄、杨叶肖槿和海漆的ITS1长度分别为404、362、460、439 bp;ITS2长度分别为219、208、231、226 bp;将4种红树植物ITS区段的序列测定结果提交到GenBank,获得了登录号.     

从集约型园林角度探讨植物规划设计对策

从集约资源、保护环境和最大程度地发挥综合功能的角度研究园林植物的设计对策,为设计和合理利用园林植物提供理论依据。提出了集约型园林的概念,并分析了其内涵;归纳出园林植物在规划建设过程中存在建设维护代价过高、浪费严重、生态和社会效益差、破坏生态环境的非集约现状,并剖析了造成该现状的主观和客观原因;提出了集地、集水、集能、集约管理等控制资源和能源投入,以及最大发挥园林生态和社会效益的园林植物规划设计对策。     

药用植物填料减轻卷烟危害机理的研究进展

卷烟中药用植物填料的运用形式不同、填料在卷烟及其相关产品的使用位置不同,药用植物减害的目标指向及其理化和药理机理就不同,主要机理涉及3个方面。首先,中草药与烟草同源,药用植物用于卷烟减害契合中医的烟熏疗法,体现了中医的配伍理论,药用植物具备能预防、缓解或治疗吸烟所致疾病的特定类群。其次,药用植物填料通过直接截留、物理吸附、化学吸附和催化解毒来降低烟气中焦油、烟碱、稠环芳烃、亚硝胺、自由基、挥发性酚类、巴豆醛、氰化氢、一氧化氮、一氧化碳、氨和重金属元素的含量。再者,卷烟中药用植物成分的特定熔点、沸点或气化点和吸燃烟支的温度条件决定了成分具备烟气转移属性,能缓解、治疗吸烟所致的呼吸道疾病、血管损伤及癌变,并具一般性的消炎和提高机体免疫力的功效,可为卷烟的药用植物减害实践和中国特色卷烟的研发提供依据。