早稻施氮对连作晚稻产量和氮肥利用率及土壤有效氮含量的影响

于20022～005年,在湖南长沙采用连续定位试验,研究了早稻施氮对连作晚稻产量、氮肥利用率、土壤有效氮含量的影响。试验设早稻施氮/晚稻不施氮、早稻施氮/晚稻施氮、早稻不施氮/晚稻不施氮、早稻不施氮/晚稻施氮4个处理。结果表明,在连续4年早季施氮的条件下,连作晚稻施氮处理的平均产量为6.45.t/hm2,地上部干物质重12.13.t/hm2,氮素吸收量183.6.kg/hm2,分别比连作晚稻不施氮处理增加28.4%、35.1%和103.5%,均达到显著水平;在连续4年早季不施氮的条件下,连作晚稻施氮处理的平均产量为6.61.t/hm2,地上部干物质重12.14.t/hm2,氮素吸收量165.6.kg/hm2,分别比不施氮处理增加33.4%、37.6%和95.6%,均亦达到显著水平。连作晚稻在早季不施氮和早季施氮两种情况下氮肥利用率不同,前者的氮肥生理利用率显著高于后者,增幅为37.8%,两者的氮肥农学利用效率、吸收利用率差异不显著,但前者4年氮肥农学利用效率平均值比后者高18.1%,吸收利用率低6.8个百分点。早晚两季均不施氮小区土壤碱解氮含量均明显低于其他施氮小区,但没有出现随试验年度加长而连续下降的趋势;当早稻或晚稻其中有一季施用了氮肥,或者两季均施用了氮肥的小区,土壤碱解氮含量差异不显著。说明连作晚稻产量主要受当季施氮量的影响,而受早季施氮量的影响较小;早季不施氮小区的连作晚稻氮肥的农学利用效率、生理利用率比早季施氮小区高;在一定程度上降低稻田氮肥用量不会导致土壤背景氮含量的下降。     

Response of denitrifying communities to successive soil freeze–thaw cycles

The effect of soil freeze–thaw cycles on the denitrification potential was examined based on the C₂H₂ inhibition method. The gross N₂O production curve of the soil sample (incubation with C₂H₂) showed minor changes between the freeze–thaw treatment and the unfrozen control. However, kinetics analysis revealed that the initial production rate, an indicator of the population density of denitrifying communities, decreased (P = 0.043) and the specific growth rate constant, an indicator of the activity of denitrifying communities, increased (P = 0.039) as a result of the freeze–thaw cycles in five of six soil samples examined. The increase in the specific growth rate constant suggested the stimulation of the activity of denitrifying communities that survived after the freeze–thaw cycles and may explain the minor suppression on the gross N₂O production in spite of decreasing the population density of denitrifying communities that was suggested by the initial production rate. The net N₂O production curve of the soil sample (incubation without C₂H₂) showed a remarkable change in one out of six soil samples, and in that one soil sample, N₂O release to the atmosphere was largely stimulated (7.6 times) by the freeze–thaw cycles. However, the stimulation of the N₂O release by the freeze–thaw cycles was even observed in two other selected soil samples (4.6 and 1.8 times), suggesting that an imbalance in the N₂O-producing and N₂O-reducing activities of denitrifying communities might complementally explain the N₂O release stimulated by the freeze–thaw cycles.     

Traditional soil and land appraisal on fadama lands in northeast Nigeria

Abstract. As part of a study of recession farming on the 'fadama' lands on a segment of the Komadugu-Yobe floodplain, a survey was carried out to investigate the local farmers' perception of soil types and management practices. The farmers are clearly aware of the differences in soil type on the fadama and they possess unique skills in managing their farm lands. The farmers classify fadama soils for recession farming by assessing soil texture and soil drainage conditions by feel and observation. Integrating such local knowledge into soil surveys will lead to better practical definition of mapping units and give soil names that have more meaning for the farmers.     

开化县优良乡土树种的选择

本文结合开化县森林植被调查,对开化县的优良乡土树种进行调查选择.采用重要值和频度值指标作为主要依据,结合树种特性分析,选出用材林类造林树种29个,荒山绿化类树种12个,薪炭林造林树种25个,最后就发掘和利用开化县优良乡土树种资源,提出了意见和建议。     

DCA、CCA和DCCA三种排序方法在中国草地植被群落中的应用现状

排序是用来分析植被与环境之间生态关系的重要手段。该文主要是对除趋势对应分析(DCA)、典范对应分析(CCA)和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)这三种排序方法进行总结,讨论它们在中国草地植被群落研究中的应用现状,并得出除趋势对应分析与聚类分析结合使用效果比较好,主要是用来揭示群落之间的关系,并且在实际的应用中也比较多,而典范对应分析和除趋势典范对应分析在揭示种与环境关系方面具有明显的优势,但是由于某些条件的限制,在实际研究中应用的比较少。可见这几种排序方法在实际应用中具有一定的优势,所以应该加强这方面的应用,更加深入的研究草地植被群落,以期对草地生态学及草地植被群落生态关系的研究工作发挥重要的借鉴作用。     

云南元谋干热河谷不同生境地表蚂蚁多样性

研究了云南元谋干热河谷明油子-扭黄茅灌草丛(Ⅰ)、牛筋条-黄荆林(Ⅱ)、余甘子-明油子灌木林(Ⅲ)、新银合欢+桉树混交林(Ⅳ)、桉树林(Ⅴ)、新银合欢林(Ⅵ)、多树种混交林(Ⅶ)、印楝林(Ⅷ)、云南松林(Ⅸ)等9种不同生境地表蚂蚁群落的多样性。采集标本29 730头,隶属于5亚科20属46种。各试验地地表蚂蚁群落个体数量46-12 091,物种丰富度4-29,优势度水平0.191-0.778,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数0.597-2.250,均匀度指数0.181-0.791,Jaccard相似性系数0.033-0.697。9种生境地表蚂蚁群落多样性排序为Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅷ>Ⅶ>Ⅸ>Ⅴ>Ⅱ>Ⅳ>Ⅵ。通过聚类分析,9种生境地表蚂蚁群落可分为干热性群落、喜热性群落、偏湿性群落及湿性群落。自然植被类型的蚂蚁群落均以臭蚁亚科占优势。人工植被中的云南松林大头蚁占优势,生态恢复状况良好;其余人工植被的恢复状况尚无法评价。     

浙江九龙山青冈林的数值分类

用等级聚合分类方法中的组平均法对浙江省九龙山以６种青冈分别组成的典型常绿阔叶林进行数值分类。结果表明，主要有７个类型（群系）：青冈栎常绿阔叶林，云山青冈常绿阔叶林，褐叶青冈常绿阔叶林，小叶青冈常绿阔叶林，细叶青冈常绿阔叶林，多脉青冈常绿阔叶林及多脉青冈落叶阔叶混交林。并对其组成和分布进行了论述。     

云南乡土树种在昆明城市绿化中的应用

对昆明市城市绿化中所应用的山玉兰、云南拟单性木兰、冬樱花等部分乡土树种进行实地调查，根据其适应性、生长状况、观赏价值等，分析乡土树种的应用效果和特色表现，探讨乡土树种种类和数量与地带性特色的关系、当前影响乡土树种应用的因素，并对存在问题提出改进建议。     

广州白云山几种森林群落生物量和持水性能

对白去山风景区主要森林群落的生物量进行了测定，并对乔木层，灌草层，枯落物层和土壤层的持水状况进行了初步研究。结果表明，乔木层及灌草层生物量大小顺序均为马占相思＋木荷群落＞马尾松群落＞马占相思群落＞藜蒴群落＞加勒比松群落：枯落物层现存量为马尾松群落＞藜蒴群落＞马占相思＋木荷群落＞马占相思群落＞加勒比松群落；5个群落各层的自然持水量为土壤层＞乔木层＞灌草层＞枯落物层＞枯落物层（马尾松群落为灌草层＞乔木层）；群落各层总的自然持水量顺序为马占相＋木荷＞马占相思＞马尾松＞加勒比松＞藜蒴。     

Genetic variability of six indigenous goat breeds using major histocompatibility complex-associated microsatellite markers

The present study aimed at analyzing the genetic variability of indigenous goat breeds (Capra hircus) using the MHC-associated microsatellite markers BF1, BM1818, BM1258, DYMS1, and SMHCC1. The following breeds were included: Chinese Xuhuai, Indian Changthangi and Pashmina, Kenyan Small East African (SEA) and Galla, and Albanian Vendi. To examine genetic variability, the levels of heterozigosity, degrees of inbreeding, and genetic differences among the breeds were analyzed. The mean number of alleles ranged from nine in the Galla to 14.5 in the Vendi breed. The mean observed heterozygosity and mean expected heterozygosity varied from 0.483 in the Vendi to 0.577 in the Galla breed, and from 0.767 in the SEA to 0.879 in the Vendi breed, respectively. Significant loss of heterozygosity (p < 0.01) indicated that these loci were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The mean F_IS values ranged from 0.3299 in the SEA to 0.4605 in the Vendi breed with a mean value of 0.3623 in all breeds (p < 0.001). Analysis of molecular variance indicated that 7.14% and 4.74% genetic variation existed among the different breeds and geographic groups, whereas 92.86% and 95.26% existed in the breeds and the geographic groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The microsatellite marker analysis disclosed a high degree of genetic polymorphism. Loss of heterozygosity could be due to genetic drift and endogamy. The genetic variation among populations and geographic groups does not indicate a correlation of genetic differences with geographic distance.