Indices of soil nitrogen availability for an ecological site classification of British forests

An adequate supply of nitrogen (N) is essential for the successful establishment and sustainable productivity of forest stands. N deficits may necessitate the use of artificial fertilisers. Availability of N in the inorganic forms, and the relative abundance of the NO₃-N and NH₄-N components, influences the species composition of natural forest vegetation. Hence it is essential to use reliable measures of soil N supply that fully reflect its ecological significance. The new Ecological Site Classification (ESC) used in British forestry employs a multi-factorial definition of soil nutrient regime (SNR), including soil N. To develop this, a soil and vegetation study was made at 89 forest sites throughout Great Britain covering the major soil types used for forestry. “Total N” levels were compared with separate pre- and post-incubation measures of the two inorganic N components as potential indices of soil N supply. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the major discriminant chemical variables for the sampled soils were pH, calcium and NO₃-N and that these were also the main variables influencing the species composition of the ground vegetation. Total N and NH₄-N were less effective discriminant variables for these sites. In some infertile soils the levels of NH₄-N or total N may be of greater importance, as NO₃-N is usually in very limited supply. A multivariate gradient of SNR, which incorporates the NO₃-N measures, has been adopted for use within the ESC system. The position of a site on this gradient can be estimated quantitatively from soil type, ground vegetation species composition and humus type. This enables soil N supply and overall SNR to be assessed in a simple but effective way that guides the operational management of British forest soils for sustainable productivity. It will also be possible to use these techniques to monitor the nutritional status of forest sites over time.     

生态状况内在判断指标体系研究

生态状况内在判断指标是反映生态状况自身变化情况的指标.生态状况处于何种阶段的判断指标,需要从层次性、系统性、现实性、重要性4个方面来考虑.综合考虑包括森林生态状况、土地荒漠化和沙化状况、水土流失状况、生物多样性状况、湿地生态状况、草原生态状况、农田生态状况、城市生态状况等8项指标,8项指标又可以细化为各自的分项指标.通过应用生态综合指数法对生态状况进行分析和综合评估,得出我国生态状况处于治理与破坏相持阶段这一重要结论.     

浑善达克沙地荒漠化指标评价的研究

土地荒漠化评价是荒漠化研究中的重要问题。本文以浑善达克沙地为研究对象，采用实地调查和室内分析的研究方法，提出了该地区土地荒漠化评价体系确定的原则，并通过分析和筛选，选择出能够显著评价该地区土地荒漠化状况的3个指标，从而建立了浑善达克沙地土地荒漠化的评价指标体系。针对该地区土地景观生态系统的复杂性和模糊性，运用模糊综合评判的方法对所获得的数据进行了定量分析，从而验证了该评价指标体系与实际调查情况基本相符。     

基于DPSIR概念框架的区域水土保持效益评价新思路

 定量评价区域水土保持效益并得到综合质量指数,便于区域水土保持效益的纵向或横向比较,进而为水土保持技术的提升和区域生态环境建设的科学决策服务。DPSIR(driving force-pressure-state-impact-response)概念框架有助于全面分析水土保持的"驱动力"、"压力"、"状态"、"影响"和"响应",有助于理解水土保持社会、经济和环境各因素的作用过程以及彼此之间的因果关系。在介绍DPSIR概念框架的基础上,根据区域水土保持效益评价指标体系构建的主导原则,初步提出水土保持效益评价的DPSIR框架,进而提出水土保持效益评价从基础数据到综合指数集成的新思路。     

Herbicide risk assessment during the Wheat Self-sufficiency Project in Iran

BACKGROUND: The present study describes the quantitative changes in herbicide use during the specific observation periods in the Wheat Self-sufficiency Project in Iran from 1994 to 2004 and the associated changes in herbicide risk, area and yield in this context. A risk index, the environmental impact quotient (EIQ), was used to estimate the environmental impacts (EIs) of herbicides applied to wheat agroecosystems. RESULTS: The results suggest that, during this period, the overall risk posed by the herbicides applied to wheat agroecosystems increased substantially, as evidenced by a 71% increase in herbicide usage (weight of pesticide applied) and a 62.2% increase in EI rating, in spite of an 8.2% decrease in overall EIQ rating and an 89.2% decrease in mean application rate. Furthermore, a 0.57% increase in the area and a 23.6% and 22.7% increase in irrigated and rainfed yields, respectively, were observed. The results also indicate that the EIQ(FUR) of two herbicides, dichlorprop-P/mecoprop-P/MCPA and difenzoquat, is much higher than that of other herbicides, and they could be qualified as high-risk herbicides. CONCLUSION: As a whole, an increase in herbicide usage (weight of pesticide applied) was an important factor on herbicide environmental impact boost. However, this increase has not led to a similar increase in wheat yield, which could be attributed in part to the negative impact of high herbicide consumption in wheat fields and subsequent threat to the long-term sustainability of these agroecosystems.     

玉米穗位叶衰老进程及其适宜指示性指标研究

【目的】 探寻可精确指示玉米穗位叶衰老进程的优良方法及适宜性指标,明确玉米穗位叶衰老进程,为玉米精确高效栽培技术发展提供理论参考。【方法】 于2020年春、夏两季在江苏大丰（33°12′ N,120°28′ E）稻麦原种场开展田间试验,以苏玉29（SY29）为材料,基于不同施氮量（0、67.5、136.5、205.5、274.5、343.5 kg N·hm^-2）构建6个叶氮浓度差异群体（N1—N6）。采用Logistic模型对吐丝后12种与玉米穗位叶衰老相关的形态及生理指标的变化动态进行拟合,对比分析不同衰老相关指标指示衰老进程的精准性。【结果】 Logistic公式y=(a-d)/(1+(x/c)^b)+d对12种叶衰老相关指标变化动态的拟合趋势、拟合度R²整体优于前人所用Logistic公式y=a/(1+e^-b(x-c))。基于多指标分析,春、夏玉米穗位叶衰老启动分别发生在吐丝后18.8—29.1（$\bar{x}$=25.8）d、17.5—28.2（$\bar{x}$=23.9）d,快速衰老发生在吐丝后30.5—37.9（$\bar{x}$=34.4）d、28.0—35.7（$\bar{x}$=31.8）d,衰老终止发生在吐丝后40.6—54.1（$\bar{x}$=45.9）d、38.3—47.0（$\bar{x}$=42.1）d。春、夏玉米由吐丝至衰老启动的25.8 d、23.9 d内有效积温分别为392.9℃和477.6℃;春、夏玉米由衰老启动至衰老终止的20.1 d、18.2 d内有效积温分别为360.0℃和284.0℃。基于指标分类分析,相同衰老阶段内,生理指标所指示的衰老特征时间的正态分布σ值大于形态指标,春、夏玉米结果一致。丙二醛（MDA）、总叶绿素、叶绿素a、果糖、葡萄糖含量及蒸腾速率（T_r）所指示衰老特征时间的变异系数（CV）均小于5%;MDA、总叶绿素、果糖、葡萄糖含量及净光合速率（P_n）所指示衰老特征时间与各阶段时间均数的均方根误差（RMSE）均小于2。【结论】 Logistic公式y=(a-d)/(1+(x/c)^b)+d可作为准确拟合叶衰老指标动态变化的数学工具。春、夏玉米穗位叶分别在吐丝后26 d、24 d左右开始衰老,于34 d、32 d左右衰老速度达到峰值,于46 d、42 d左右进入功能性死亡的末端衰老阶段,有效积温是影响玉米穗位叶衰老进程重要因素。MDA、总叶绿素、果糖、葡萄糖含量是表征玉米穗位叶衰老进程的优良指标。     

干旱胁迫对4种菊科宿根花卉生理特性的影响

以4种菊科宿根花卉为材料,采用盆栽控水法进行自然干旱胁迫处理,对形态特征进行观察记录,并测定4种菊科宿根花卉的土壤容积含水量、叶片的相对含水量（RWC）、游离脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性蛋白（SP）、丙二醛（MDA）及过氧化物酶（POD）等生理生化指标,由此揭示4种菊科宿根花卉对干旱胁迫的生理适应性,并综合分析评价其抗旱性,为日后生态节水型园林建设应用提供更加客观的理论试验依据。结果表明,4种宿根花卉在抵御干旱胁迫方面存在一定差异,通过隶属函数法分析评价发现,4种菊科宿根花卉的抗旱性强弱依次为:夏菊＞千叶蓍＞大花藿香蓟＞宿根天人菊。     

探索安徽省霍山县国土空间开发保护现状评估概要

为保证安徽省霍山县国土空间开发保护现状评估方案的科学编制,探索现状评估概要,采用文献分析法,遵循评估要求,得出霍山县现状评估基本概要,并结合霍山县地方特色,构建“控制—效率—体征—特色”的指标体系。结果表明:该评估概要为安徽省霍山县国土空间开发保护现状评估提供一定的参考,但现状评估方案的具体实现规程还有待学界继续探讨论证,进一步完善评估体系,为国土空间规划科学编制、三区三线划定等重要战略部署提供支撑。     

基于EAHP的农机供应链服务质量评价应用

为提高农机供应链服务水平,针对以制造企业为核心的农机供应链,从组织形态模型、服务业务、价值增值和其他方面四个角度建立农机供应链服务质量评价体系。建立指标数据的可拓物元模型,通过可拓层次分析法,定性定量的表达出农机供应链服务质量的等级及其在该等级范围中的水平,并结合具体案例进行评价。结果表明,该农机供应链的服务质量为优等级,关联度达到0.0727,与供应链实际运作情况一致。     

东海浮游异足类环境适应分析

根据1997~2000年东海23°30′~33°00′N、118°30′~128°00′E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,采用浮游异足类物种丰度和同步的温、盐度数据拟合曲线,构建数学模型,计算物种分布的最适温度和盐度值。同时根据以往对异足类生态特征分析的结论,划分东海浮游异足类各物种的生态类型。结果表明,塔明螺(Atlanta turriculata)和拟翼管螺(Firoloi-da desmaresti)分布在外海,具有高温、高盐的适应特征,是热带大洋种。其他为亚热带外海种,其中玫瑰明螺(Atlantarosea)具广温种特征,明螺(Atlanta peroni)适温偏低,有广盐种的特征,大口明螺(Atlanta lesueuri)分布在盐度较高的水域,扁明螺(Atlanta depressa)具有近海种特征。东海浮游异足类总体上属于典型的暖水性生态类型,温、盐适应范围较窄,对水温和盐度敏感,是较好的指示种。东海浮游异足类主要分布在28°00′~30°00′N,124°00′~126°00′E的海域,绝大多数物种难以逾越冷水水团的阻隔,这是浮游异足类很少在黄渤海出现的主要原因之一。浮游异足类生态类型划分在古气象海洋学、海洋地质、海洋物理和海洋生物学的研究中具有重要的意义。