黑龙江海伦市粮食产量稳定性影响因素分析

采用线性回归、主成分分析和灰色关联对1978~2005年海伦市粮食产量及其影响因素进行了分析,以确定粮食产量在时序上的波动特征以及引起波动的主要影响因素。研究发现:这种波动与主要粮食作物的产量密切相关,其中玉米产量的影响最大;从种植结构上分析,粮食产量的波动主要来自玉米和小麦的单产以及玉米和水稻种植面积的变化。单产与粮食产量始终保持很高的关联度;有效灌溉面积、实际机耕面积、化肥施用量、农村用电量和农机总动力等农业投入对粮食产量提高影响重大;耕地面积和劳动力对粮食产量具有一定的制约;自然条件与粮食产量的关联度剧烈变动。在此基础上提出平衡粮食产量波动和结构调整,提高粮食单产和科技支撑水平,加强粮食生产能力建设,切实落实粮食生产保护政策,提高农民农业生产积极性的建议。     

Does synergized pyrethrin applied over wetlands for mosquito control affect Daphnia magna zooplankton or Callibaetis californicus mayflies?

BACKGROUND: Public health agencies may apply aerosolized synergized pyrethrin over wetlands repeatedly to control mosquitoes. This concerns wildlife managers because studies have shown the accumulation of pyrethroids, which are chemically similar to pyrethrin, in sediments in amounts that can be toxic to invertebrates. The authors tested whether repeated applications of synergized pyrethrin over wetlands caused mortality of two aquatic invertebrates: the zooplankton Daphnia magna Straus and a mayfly, Callibaetis californicus Banks. Fifteen wetland mesocosms were either exposed to repeated pyrethrin sprays or were protected by lids. Invertebrates in screened cages were placed in mesocosms before the fifth and eleventh spray, and directly into wetlands before spray 11. Six mesocosms were exposed to spray deposition. Caged adult mosquitoes were used to verify that sprays drifted over mesocosms. Sediments were analyzed for insecticide residues.RESULTS: There were no detectable effects of synergized pyrethrin on 36 h survival of Daphnia or mayflies, but most exposed adult mosquitoes died. Some exposed sediments yielded pyrethrin (< or =34.5 ng g(-1)); most showed piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (< or =14.9 ng g(-1)).CONCLUSIONS: Deposition of aerosolized 25% pyrethrin + 5% PBO may contaminate wetlands, but its application at rates used for mosquito control did not produce detectable effects on indicator species.     

Microbial mineralization of organic matter in sinking particles,bottom sediments and seawater in a coastal fish culturing area

Microbial mineralization rates in sinking particles, bottom sediments and seawater were determined in a coastal fish (red sea bream Pagrus major) culturing area to clarify the mineralization process of organic matter (OM) in the entire water column. The mineralization rates of ¹⁴C‐labelled glutamate and glucose per unit volume were highest in the sinking particles and were 131–572 and 7–49 times higher than those of the seawater and bottom sediments respectively. The turnover time of glutamate tended to be shorter than that of glucose at all three sites of the water column. Bacteria appeared to prefer amino acids to monosaccharides because amino acids could be utilized as both energy and nitrogen sources. The sedimentation rate of particulate organic carbon (POC) derived from phytoplankton accounted for 9–61% of the total POC, and it was particularly high in early summer (61% and 50% at fish cage and non‐cage stations respectively). The present study clearly shows that sinking particles serve as an important site of microbial mineralization process of OM within the water column, and that phytoplankton production was another serious cause of organic pollution of the seafloor in addition to the organic wastes directly discharged from fish farms.     

干旱化趋势对山西省水资源的影响分析

利用山西省1957-2003年降水量序列,计算标准化降水指数(SPI),分析其演变趋势,并应用统计相关分析等方法,对干旱化带来的水资源影响进行详细的分析,给出解决水资源短缺的对策。分析表明:①47年来山西省干旱化在不断加剧,20世纪80年代中期以后,干旱化趋势尤为明显,90年代中后期达到最强;②随着干旱化趋势的加剧,山西省水资源在以每10年1个台阶快速减少。平均SPI的绝对值每增加千分之一个单位,水资源总量就减少1.90×108m3,河川径流量减少2.40×108m3。与20世纪50-60年代相比,90年代的SPI增加了3.84%,而水资源减少幅度高达37.11%,进入21世纪以来,南部趋于缓和,中部和北部形势仍非常严峻。     

撑绿杂交竹施肥技术研究

以撑绿竹为研究对象,通过肥料配比、施肥量和施肥方式3个因素不同水平的正交试验,对撑绿竹的施肥技术进行了研究。结果表明,促进撑绿竹胸径增粗的最佳施肥模式为:肥料配比(N:P₂O₅:K₂O)为3:2:1,施肥量为1.2 kg/丛,施肥方式为撒施;提高撑绿竹繁殖率的最佳模式是:肥料配比(N:P₂O₅:K₂O)为5:2:1,施肥量为0.6 kg/丛,施肥方式为穴施;增加撑绿竹生物量的最佳施肥模式为:肥料配比(N:P₂O₅:K₂O)为5:2:1,施肥量为0.6 kg/丛,施肥方式为撒施。     

广西北部湾桉树人工林建设的生态环境影响经济损益分析

桉树人工林建设的规模和特点决定了它对生态环境的影响较大,这种影响有正效益和负效益两个方面。通过环境影响因子的筛选和环境影响的定量分析,对广西北部湾60万hm2桉树人工林种植规划的生态环境影响效益和损失进行分析。评价结果显示,桉树人工林建设环境效益为63.35×108元/a,环境损失为46.9×108元/a,环境效益的净现值为16.45×108元/a,环境效益和环境成本的比值为1.35∶1。表明广西北部湾桉树种植规划合理可行,可以实现生态、经济的可持续发展,为规划决策提供科学的依据。     

氮素在盐碱稻田内的动态变化及潜在环境影响分析

[目的]分析氮素在盐碱稻田内的动态变化及潜在环境影响。[方法]以松嫩平原典型苏打盐碱地水稻田为研究对象,采用田间试验方法研究了该区水稻田中的氮素动态变化及其对环境的潜在影响。[结果]试验区土壤属强碱土,CEC、C／N比值都较高,保肥能力差;2年试验期内,田袁水中的盐碱化指标含量波动较大;试验初期总氮和氨氮浓度达到最高值,之后随时间的推移而下降,强降雨对其影响较大;硝态氮浓度出现峰值晚于总氮和氨态氮,之后随时间的推移而下降;试验期间,氨挥发损失占总氮损失的18．9％～28．8％;田面水中总氮浓度均高于国家地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准;农田退水中的非离子氨浓度较高,对下游查干湖鱼类养殖存在危害。[结论]为盐碱地治理以及水体和渔业资源保护提供了理论依据。     

林农合作社对山区林农收入影响实证分析

基于对浙江省龙泉市4个林农合作社77户社员和62户非社员的农户调查数据,通过Eviews统计软件,回归分析了林农合作社对林农收入的影响。结果显示：加入林农合作社使农民人均林业收入提高25.82%,人均纯收入提高21.23%,说明加入林农合作社确实能够促进林农增收;林农合作社对人均林业收入的影响要比人均纯收入高4.59%,说明林农合作社对山区林业经济的发展意义重大。因此,政府要大力鼓励和支持林农合作社的发展,林农合作社也要不断加强自身能力建设;同时要不断加强对林农合作社的宣传,鼓励林农加入合作社。表5参14     

甘肃省金塔县早晚霜冻对棉花产量的影响

早晚霜冻是影响金塔县棉花生长和产量的不利气象灾害,尤其偏早的早霜冻和偏晚的晚霜冻可造成棉花严重减产甚至绝收,提高霜冻灾害的预报预测工作、农业气象服务以及加强棉花种植管理是防御灾害的有效措施。     

An index of human alteration of lake shore morphology

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