Influence of forest cover and mesohabitat types on functional and taxonomic diversity of fish communities in Neotropical lowland streams

Abstract – In this study, we investigated how taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities is influenced by forest cover and mesohabitat types in Neotropical lowland streams. We sampled fish fauna of 126 five‐metre‐long mesohabitats using an electrofishing unit in forested (n = 3) and deforested (n = 3) streams in the upper Paraná River basin, south‐eastern Brazil. According to velocity and depth, three mesohabitat types have been considered: riffles (shallow and fast‐flowing habitat), pools (deep and slow‐flowing habitat) and runs (intermediate depth and velocity). Seven functional traits and 27 trait categories related to ecological, behavioural and life‐history aspects of fish were considered. Our results indicate that forest cover and mesohabitat type influence fish communities in different ways. Whereas deforestation affects communities primarily through changes in diversity (functional and taxonomic), mesohabitat types determine changes in the functional composition. The increased diversity in deforested mesohabitats is driven by a decrease in species turnover among habitat patches within streams. This can be attributed to new feeding opportunities and microhabitat availabilities in deforested streams so favours the occurrence of species having a particular set of traits, indicating a strong habitat–trait relationship.     

The intestinal microbiome of an Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) stranded near the Pearl River Estuary,China

The mammalian intestinal microbiome is critical for host health and disease resistance. However, the cetacean intestinal microbiota remains relatively unexplored. By using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we analyzed intestinal bacterial samples from an Indo-pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) stranded near the Pearl River Estuary in China. The samples included 3 anatomical regions (foregut, midgut, and rectum) and 2 anatomical locations (content and mucus). Our analyses revealed that the dolphin intestinal bacteria contained 139 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), dominated at the phyla level by Firmicutes (47.05% in the content; 94.77% in the mucus), followed by Bacteroidetes (23.63% in the content; 1.58% in the mucus) and Gammaproteobacteria (14.82% in the content; 2.05% in the mucus). The intestinal bacteria had a small core community (15 OTUs, accounting for 99.74% of the reads), some of which could be potentially pathogenic to both human and dolphins. As an alternative to sampling the dolphin intestinal bacteria, fecal sampling could be used. Additionally, function potentials such as, xenobiotics biodegradation, beta-lactam resistance, and human disease-related pathways, were detected in the dolphin intestinal bacteria. These findings provide the first baseline knowledge of the intestinal microbiome of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, which may offer new insights into cetacean conservation by using microbial surveillance.     

基于PC-Crash的轿车侧面碰撞事故重建方法分析

为了提高轿车-轿车侧面碰撞PC-Crash事故重建的准确性,以一起国内真实的事故案例为例,对事故进行重建并设计正交实验。得出了影响PC-Crash重建的参数权重排序,并对权重最大的参数(车速)的车速经典计算公式进行不确定度分析。通过车车侧面碰撞车速经典计算公式的不确定度分析以及参数的权重排序对事故案例进行二次重建。结果表明,第2次重建结果与真实的事故结果之间的误差明显小于第1次重建的误差,验证了影响参数的权重排序以及车速的不确定度分析对车车侧面碰撞PC-Crash事故重建的有效性。     

汽车侧面碰撞中头胸部安全气囊的优化研究

为减少汽车侧面碰撞中驾驶员胸腹部的综合伤害,并保证头部HIC值满足C-NCAP的法规要求,采用有限元分析模型、逐步回归代理模型和序列优化方法对头胸部气囊进行了优化设计.以验证过的汽车有限元模型为基础,建立了一个L型头胸部气囊的有限元仿真模型.模拟了侧面安全气囊在侧碰撞条件下的响应过程,优化分析了气囊设计参数,从而进一步提高了该车的综合安全性能,进而对其优化解的可靠性进行了评估.研究结果表明:安全气囊材料泄气参数为0.040 8,气囊体积约为10.32 L,起爆时间为10 ms为最优,得到侧面碰撞的综合伤害评估值下降了16%,且保证了头部HIC值满足法规要求.     

基于ImPACT等式的人类活动对草原环境的影响——以甘南州草原牧区为例

运用ImPACT等式,以甘南藏族自治州草原牧区为例,对人类活动草原环境压力的影响进行了实证研究。结果表明,1985~2020年,经济每增长1%,会引起草原环境压力相应地发生15.79%的变化,其中人口(P)和人均GDP(A)的增长对草原环境压力产生正效应,而草原资源利用效率(T)的提高和畜产品使用强度(C)的降低有利于抑制环境压力的上升;不同时期人类活动对草原环境的压力不同,且整体呈现出"U"型曲线,并不支持环境库兹涅茨曲线的观点;天然草原恢复与建设项目的实施,在一定时期内缓解了草原环境压力,但要切实实现草原资源的可持续利用,必然要动用当地另一重要资源即社会资源。利用ImPACTS等式测算得到,若考虑社会资源,则经济每增长1%,对草原环境的压力相应发生6.2%的变化,较不动用社会资源时下降了9.6%,社会资源的动用极大地减轻了草原环境压力。     

塔里木河流域胡杨保护区土地覆盖变化研究

塔里木胡杨自然保护区是以胡杨林为主要保护对象的森林生态系统类型的自然保护区,是对保护塔里木河中游甚至塔里木河流域生态安全,保持生态平衡等方面都具有举足轻重的作用。从遥感数据入手,对研究区塔里木胡杨自然保护区的土地覆盖/土地利用情况,通过遥感数据分类,结合GPS数据和多年实地照片分析的基础上,获取了研究区近30年的土地利用/土地覆盖变化信息,分析了影响生态环境的自然与人文因子,进一步提出了保护塔里木河岸林的重要性及其保护措施。提出了相应的生态保护与改善措施,为保护区的有效管理提供了有益的建议。     

Saline dust storms and their ecological impacts in arid regions

In many arid and semiarid regions,saline playas represent a significant source of unconsoli-dated sediments available for aeolian transport,and severe saline dust storms occur frequently due to human disturbance.In this study,saline dust storms are reviewed systematically from the aspects of con-cept,general characteristics,conditions of occurrence,distribution and ecological impact.Our researches showed that saline dust storms are a kind of chemical dust storm originating in dry lake beds in arid and semiarid regions;large areas of unconsolidated saline playa sediments and frequent strong winds are the basic factors to saline dust storm occurrence;there are differentiation characteristics in deposition flux and chemical composition with wind-blown distance during saline dust storm diffusion;and saline dust storm diffusion to some extent increases glacier melt and results in soil salinization in arid regions.An under-standing of saline dust storms is important to guide disaster prevention and ecological rehabilitation.     

论孝文化缺失对农村家庭养老的影响

孝文化是我国农村家庭养老的文化基础。受历史的和现实的各种因素的影响,目前农村孝文化呈缺失状态。孝文化的缺失,对农村家庭养老造成了重大的冲击。弘扬孝文化是解决农村家庭养老困境的关键。     

华南8号木薯光响应参数日变化及其主要影响因子

摘要：采用Li-6400光合作用测定仪研究华南8号木薯的光合作用日进程,结果表明：华南8号的Pmax日变化呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在上午9:00左右,“午休现象”不明显。午间叶片光合能力的轻微减弱主要受到非气孔因素影响。最大净光合速率（Pmax）、表观量子效率（a）、光补偿点（LCP）、光饱和点（LSP）等光合参数在一天中是不断变化的。7:00～17:00,Pmax（CO2）变幅为：23.65～32.87μmol?m-2?s-1;a变幅为：0.0482～0.0683;LCP变幅为：30.60 ～50.78μmol?m-2 s-1;LSP变幅为：1845.64 ～2418.60μmol?m-2 s-1。多元逐步回归分析结果表明：各光合参数的主要影响因子分别是,a为RH,显著正效应;LCP为PAR,显著正效应;LSP为Cond和Vpdl,其中Cond为显著正效应,Vpdl为不显著负效应,效应大小依次为Cond＞-Vpdl;Pmax的主要影响因子是Cond、RH和Ci,其中Cond和RH为极显著正效应,Ci为不显著负效应,效应大小依次为Cond＞RH＞-Ci。