PEATLAND CONVERSION AND DEGRADATION PROCESSES IN INSULAR SOUTHEAST ASIA: A CASE STUDY IN JAMBI,INDONESIA

The ongoing conversion and degradation of insular Southeast Asian peat swamp forests causes globally important carbon emissions and leads to loss of unique biodiversity. Little quantitative information is available on the dynamics of peat swamp forest conversion. In this case study, we present a time‐series of peatland conversion and degradation in the Air Hitam Laut peatlands in Jambi Province (Sumatra, Indonesia), which included the Berbak National Park. High‐resolution (10–60 m) satellite imagery was used to map land cover and degradation status for nine time slices between the 1970s and 2009. Nearly‐pristine forest cover was shown to have declined in the study area from 90 to 43 per cent, inside the Berbak National Park from 95 to 73 per cent and outside the National Park from 86 to 25 per cent. Outside the protected area, 66 per cent of former nearly‐pristine forests turned into degraded forests or unmanaged deforested areas. Large‐scale oil palm plantations accounted for 21 per cent of the formerly nearly‐pristine areas and small‐holder agriculture for 8 per cent. The conversion to plantation has fast accelerated since 2002. Conversion from nearly‐pristine forest to plantation typically took around 6 years, at times up to 10 years. Better understanding of conversion and degradation dynamics will allow for improved estimates of the implications of management planning decisions taken in peatland areas. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HPLC-PDA联合UPLC-Q/TOF法确证硫酸卡那霉素注射液中的非法添加物

确证1批硫酸卡那霉素注射液中的非法添加物。在对该批样品进行非法添加物常规筛查时发现其含有未知色谱峰,且紫外光谱具有特征性,但与现有的紫外光谱库进行比对,无法确定该未知物的结构。结合UPLC-Q-TOF法给出的未知物的分子量信息推导出疑似添加物,再用HPLC-PDA和UPLC-Q/TOF两种方法进行验证,最终确证非法添加物。结果显示该批样品中的非法添加物为尼可刹米。通过检查该批样品中的非法添加物,总结出确证非法添加物的一般模式,从而为兽药处方外非法添加物的筛查与确证提供思路。     

Protein mining the world's oceans: Australasia as an example of illegal expansion-and-displacement fishing

Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing can lead to irreversible ecosystem changes; however, it is also one of the most difficult forms of fishing to manage and deter. In northern Australia over the past decade there has been a large increase in small-scale IUU fishing. We suggest that this small-scale fishing has arisen because of long-term fisheries over-exploitation in South East Asia. This IUU fishing forms part of the expansion-and-displacement cycle that can rapidly reduce biomass and alter the trophic structure of local ecosystems. With increasing human populations in the region, the pressure to fish illegally is likely to increase. Regional responses are required to deter and monitor the illegal over-exploitation of fisheries resources, which is critical to secure ecosystem stability as climate change and other destructive human activities threaten food security.     

Catching industrial fishing incursions into inshore waters of Africa from space

Small‐scale fisheries contribute substantially to the sustainability of coastal communities by providing livelihood and economic opportunities and ensuring food security. However, their geographic range of operation overlaps with that of industrial fisheries, increasing the resource competition, risk of vessel collision and inter‐sector conflicts, while jeopardizing the sustainability of fish stocks. When industrial vessels venture into waters that are reserved to artisanal fisheries, their operations become illegal. In Africa, the extent of such operations, beyond their legal implications, has resulted in severe economic, food security and maritime safety issues. In this paper, we use automatic identification system data derived from satellite technology to predict fishing operations and find that industrial fleets spend 3%–6% of their time fishing within inshore areas reserved for small‐scale fisheries between 2012 and 2016, of the total 4.2 million industrial fishing hours within the Exclusive Economic Zones of African countries. We assessed the total fishing effort by this form of illegal fishing operations at 166 million kWhours at least out of 4.9 billion kWhours in total. We discuss this dangerous form of illegal fishing, which often results in deadly collisions with small‐scale sector operators, increases competition and conflicts over fisheries access, threatens the sustainability of fish stocks, and calls for better governance, and protection.     

印度尼西亚森林警察打击非法采伐的执法对策及存在问题分析

木材生产国的森林警察在打击非法采伐方面起到了十分重要的作用。文中首先简要介绍印度尼西亚的森林警察制度,以Gunung Palung国家公园和吉打邦为例总结森林警察面对非法采伐的执法对策,对其抑制非法采伐的效果进行分析,指出印度尼西亚现行森林警察制度在打击非法采伐方面存在的问题主要包括执法权限受限、地方分权造成地方政府对于林地管理部门的忽视以及经济奖励制度存在缺陷。     

尼加拉瓜西南部热带雨林生态系统木材生产速率及其对可持续森林经营的启示

积累木材采运数据对森林可持续经营是非常必要的,但这些数据在一些发展中国家却非常缺乏。本文收集和分析了尼加拉瓜Ondo州森林保护区和非保护区内木材生产速率的数据。数据来源于州林业主管部门的官方数据、年度报告和相关文件,包括2003年至2005年间以月采伐量为单位的不同经济术材的物种、材积量和立木数。对收集的数据进T检验和一维方差分析。结果表明:3年间,非保护区内采伐木材的物种数、科数和立木量均高于森林保护区内采伐的。但是,保护区内被砍伐的树木材积总量要显著高于非保护区的(p<0.05)。非保护区内,有25个植物科的60种阔叶树种被砍伐:森林保护区内有23个科的57种阔叶树种被砍伐。3年间,Ondo州森林系统内被砍伐树林共111,377株,材积量约295 089.67m3。年平均伐木数和材积量分别是37,125株和98 363.22 m3。月平均伐木数和材积量分别是3 094和8 196m3。T检验结果表明,森林保护区和非保护区内被砍伐的树木株数和材积量显著不同(p<0.05)。一维方差分析结果表明,03年和04年伐木活动显著增加,但05年有所下降。说明森林系统中经济木材树种正在减少,伐木活动对森林生态系统产生了...     

Determinants of illegal logging in Indonesia: An empirical analysis for the period 1996–2010

Illegal logging is a significant problem in Indonesia, which is one of the few countries with a large forest area. In this study, we investigate the factors that affect harvesting and supply of illegal timber from Indonesia to China and Japan. Moreover, we investigate the factors that lead to the demand of Indonesian illegal timber from China and Japan. A simultaneous-equation econometric model of illegally logged timber demand and supply is developed and tested using the annual data over the period 1996–2010. We find that corruption and decentralization in Indonesia have significant and positive impacts on the illegally logged timber supply while excess demand in Japanese construction and furniture industries as well as Japan’s housing starts are the significant factors that affect the illegal logging in Indonesia. The law enforcement or policies aimed at reducing illegal harvesting in Indonesia are found to be more effective than the policies targeting the import of illegally logged timber into Japan and China.     

土地违法对经济增长的影响研究分析

本文基于土地违法投入对经济增长的作用机理,通过实证研究分析了中国1999-2006年土地违法投入对经济增长的影响及贡献。研究结果：土地违法投入由于其获取方式和途径等不同对社会经济产生不同于合法土地投入的效应,因而产生了不同于合法土地投入对经济增长的贡献。从短期看,违法土地投入对经济增长的产出弹性远远小于合法土地投入,从长期看,违法土地投入不利于土地的合理投入和集约利用,对经济增长并不能产生正的贡献。因此,政府应该从多方面措施入手,最大程度地遏制土地违法现象的发生。     

HPLC-DAD法测定兽药恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加呋塞米

建立了兽药恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加呋塞米的HPLC-DAD检查方法。以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂,以水-四氢呋喃-冰醋酸(70∶30∶1)为流动相;柱温30℃;流速1.0 mL/min;进样量20μL;二极管阵列检测器检测,采集波长范围为190～400 nm,提取波长为272 nm。通过液相色谱保留时间、紫外吸收光谱和峰纯度分析对非法添加物进行确认。结果表明,呋塞米与其他组分在色谱条件下分离情况良好。呋塞米在2.0～100.0μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,R²=0.9999。回归方程为：Y=1.0629X+0.0685,R²=1.0000。按高、中、低三个浓度水平添加呋塞米,每个浓度水平各平行配制3份阳性添加样品溶液进行测定,每个平行进样2次,测得平均回收率为100.8%,RSD=1.0%。方法的检测限为1.0μg/mL。方法准确,可靠,可以用于检查兽药恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加呋塞米。     

Human impacts on the endangered fan mussel,Pinna nobilis

1. Pinna nobilis is a sensitive and vulnerable species and is hence considered a good indicator of anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems.
2. This study provides novel data on the density and distribution of endangered P. nobilis on the Turkish coasts. Threats to the status of P. nobilis, including by‐catch and illegal collection, were assessed, as was the general awareness of people about the endangered status of fan mussels.
3. The data sources consisted of direct observations from diving surveys and the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers and scuba‐divers.
4. Results demonstrated that the density of P. nobilis significantly changed with environmental parameters, such as depth, and among different sampling areas. The number of damaged individuals was lowest in the areas that were distant from human influences such as ports and tourist beaches. The density estimations of P. nobilis across a wide geographic area around the Turkish coasts revealed that the density of fan mussels was highest around western coasts in comparison with southern coasts.
5. Fishers and divers indicated that the population of this species has decreased during the last decade. The main causes of this decline were suggested to be the impacts of fishing gear, poaching, pollution, and boat anchoring. The highest volume of by‐catch was estimated to be taken by trawls. In general, the knowledge and local awareness of the conservation importance and status of fan mussels was poor.
6. The study has identified those areas where fan mussels occur at a high density, and hence may indicate areas for possible conservation protection status. Second, areas exposed to the illegal harvesting of fan mussels were highlighted. Societal concern would benefit from educational activities to raise awareness of the ecological importance and conservation needs for fan mussels in Turkey.