Pathways of chemical recovery in acidified,metal-contaminated lakes near Sudbury,Ontario, Canada

This paper describes the recovery pathways of two lakes situated near the Coniston nickel-copper smelter. These lakes were exposed to very intense airborne pollution, including SO₂, H₂SO₄, Ni and Cu, during the 60 year operation of the smelter. After the closure of the Coniston smelter in 1972 and the subsequent improvement in air quality, the water quality in both lakes began to improve. Despite their proximity and exposure to similar inputs, the lakes differed both in the rate and magnitude of recovery. This study demonstrates the capacity of lakes to recover from chemical stresses over a very short period. Changes in Cu and Ni concentration could be predicted, while changes in pH, measured as H⁺, could not. The reasons for this discrepancy as well as the processes and lake parameters that control chemical recovery are discussed.     

Pedo‐ecological consequences of lithological discontinuities in soils—examples from Central Europe

Soil profiles having lithological discontinuities, i.e., stratified or layered profiles, occur worldwide. Their genesis as part of the upper‐regolith formation is comparatively well understood, particularly in Central Europe where extensive research on relic periglacial cover beds has been done. But the pedogenetic and ecological implications of lithologically discontinuous soils (LDS) are less well known. Most textbooks rely on the so‐called A‐B‐C‐model as a climate‐driven approach to soil formation. After reviewing definitions and concepts of lithological discontinuities and how they form, we present a pedogenetic model extending the traditional approach by considering substrate genesis and regolith dynamics. The consequences in the interpretation of vertical distributions of parameters of soil acidification and of heavy metals are investigated for typical soil profiles from the W Ore Mountains and the central‐German lowlands. Results show how lithological discontinuities influence the depth gradients and that properties inherited from substrate should be distinguished, if possible, from those developed by pedogenesis.     

Organic matter accumulation and fertilizer-induced acidification interact to affect soil microbial and enzyme activity on a long-term sugarcane management experiment

The effects of crop residue management and fertilizer applications on the size and activity of the microbial community and the activity of exocellular enzymes involved in mineralization of C, N, P and S were examined on a long-term (60 years) field trial under sugarcane situated at Mount Edgecombe, South Africa. Treatments at the site included pre-harvest burning with harvest residues removed (B), burning with harvest residues (unburnt tops) left on the soil surface (B_t) and green cane harvesting with retention of a trash blanket (T). Plots were either fertilized annually with N, P and K or unfertilized. The size and activity of the microbial community and the activity of soil enzymes assayed increased with increasing inputs of crop residues (B < B_t < T) and this effect was evident to a depth of 30 cm. The metabolic quotient was decreased by inputs of both crop residues and fertilizers. Annual fertilizer additions did not affect basal respiration, increased fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis rate and acid phosphatase, invertase and protease activities and decreased arginine ammonification rate and dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulphatase and histidase activities. These effects were attributed to an interaction between the positive effect of fertilizer in increasing the size of the microbial biomass and the negative effect of fertilizer-N-induced soil acidification on microbial activity and on the activity of exocellular enzymes. Such results demonstrate the importance of using a range of measurements of microbial and enzyme activity when determining the effects of management on soil microbial and biochemical properties.     

Responses of phyto- and zooplankton to liming in a small acidified humic lake

Liming resulted in an immediate and transitory decrease of plankton biomass and phytoplankton primary production in the limed part of an acidified humic lake. In the longer term liming has changed species composition and dominance of phyto- and zooplankton. Due to increased transparency and improved oxygen conditions plankton biomass peaked deeper in the water column after liming. During the three years post-liming period phyto- and zooplankton communities have changed less than reported in several other studies. This is largely because liming was carried out well before the collapse of perch population, which has controlled zooplankton both in the pre- and post-treatment period.     

红壤对铝锰离子的吸附特征 Ⅳ.铝锰交换钙钾离子的化学现象

铝、锰离子与钙或钾质固相之间的交换吸附也出现非等当量交换和非电性吸附,而钙、钾离子对交换反应则为电性吸附;非电性吸附量决定于固相表面的场强,也与离子的水解性质和价数有关,其中以铝离子在砖红壤、红壤中的非电性吸附最为强烈;从能量角度综合说明了k、K、1/ n 与ΔF的联系,铝离子的交换吸附具有最大的k、K和最小的1/ n,ΔF为负值;从热力学进一步证论了红壤铝质化的机理,在自然条件下红壤酸化应是一个连续的自发和不可逆过程。     

Soil chemistry change in a lowland english deciduous Woodland 1974–1991

This study outlines the results of analysis of soil samples collected from fixed quadrats located in a regular pattern across Wytham Wood. Oxfordshire, England. The site contains plots of mixed deciduous ancient woodland and more recent plantations. A previous soil study was undertaken in 1974 and samples archived. Soils were resampled in 1991 and some re-analysis of the 1974 samples was undertaken. Soils were of a wide range in types from sands to gravels with a pH range of 3.0–7.0. Results showed some decline in pH in lower horizons, but most striking was a large increase in soil nitrogen for all horizons and soil types.     

黄棕壤中活性有机碳对Cu吸附的影响

通过盐酸酸化法来去除4种不同利用方式黄棕壤的活性有机碳(AOC),得到相对稳定的有机碳土壤,用于研究去除活性有机碳前后对Cu2+吸附行为的影响.结果表明,黄棕壤去除有机碳前后,对Cu2+吸附量与平衡液浓度的关系符合Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程,其拟合都呈现极显著相关(P＜0.01),去除AOC后,黄棕壤各层次对Cu2+的最大吸附量明显降低,是原土Cu2+最大吸附量的10％～30％.盐酸酸化法对4种不同利用方式的黄棕壤有机碳的去除率为30％～75％,对Cu2+吸附的减少率为54％～86％.去除活性有机碳前后,有机碳含量与对Cu2+的吸附量都呈显著线性相关.土壤有机碳的去除率与对Cu2+吸附的减少率间相关性达到极显著水平.     

高海拔地区黄壤茶园酸化及其原因分析——以挂墩茶园为例

以武夷山挂墩茶园为研究区,通过土壤采样分析,选取土壤pH值、交换性酸2项指标对挂墩茶园土壤酸化问题进行研究。结果表明:挂墩茶园土壤pH值表现为A层B层>BC层。通过不同植被利用方式下土壤pH值比较,茶园土壤酸化程度明显高于杉木林土壤,这表明茶树是造成挂墩茶园土壤酸化的主要原因,茶树根系代谢作用及枯枝落叶的还园作用导致茶园土壤酸化。     

Changes of cation pools of the topsoil in south Swedish beech forests between 1979 and 1989

Repeated analyses of exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and Zn revealed that the pools have decreased significantly in the topsoil (0–5 cm) of south Swedish beech forest during the 1980s. The largest decreases of K, Ca and Mg were found in the originally least acid soils, indicating that the limit for further losses from the topsoil is being approached in the most acid soils at today's deposition climate. The decrease of Zn was, on the other hand, largest in the most acid soils. Manganese had increased in especially the least acid soils, probably due to a conversion from non‐exchangeable pools as a result of the acidity change. The base saturation of the studied beech stands ranged 7.7–58.5% (mean 20.3%). The decrease rate of the exchangeable pools of K, Ca and Mg, estimated from two different time series has been relatively constant since 1949. The Zn pool has, however, decreased faster during the last decade, partly due to a lowered deposition of this element. Extrapolation of the data indicates that, as an average, only 20% of the pools of 1950 will remain in the topsoil in the year 2050.     

海洋酸化对海洋生物呼吸代谢的影响及机制

海洋酸化是对海洋生态系统最大威胁之一。随着海洋酸化不断加剧,海洋生物呼吸代谢酶活性下降,呼吸代谢方式改变,严重影响海洋生物的正常生长发育和生存。文章主要综述海洋酸化对海洋生物特别是鱼类呼吸代谢的影响及机制,旨在深入研究海洋酸化对海洋生物呼吸代谢的影响、机理及适应机制,为控制海洋酸化提供依据,同时也为海洋生物养殖水体的调控提供参考。