贵港市大宗农产品生产成本调查研究——基于235户农户的调查数据分析

利用农业资源公里网点监测技术,调查235户农户农业收支情况,分析农户收入及生产成本构成特点。对生产成本进行评价,提出农业生产成本控制的途径选择及促进农民节本增收的建议。     

我国农业经济组织“公司＋农户”模式问题缺陷分析

“公司＋农户”模式是我国主要的农业经济组织形式,本文对”公司＋农户”模式的缺陷从契约的角度进行了研究。其中,契约角度的分析从契约的不稳定性、契约的利益联结机制的不完备、准租金的挤占问题等方面进行展开。     

城乡边缘结合处生活垃圾收运体系建设研究

指出了我国城乡边缘结合处生活垃圾收运体系的建设相对落后,已经不适应日新月异的城市化步伐,如不加快城乡边缘结合处生活垃圾收运体系的建设,必然会影响和阻碍城市化的进程。重点论述了我国城乡边缘结合处生活垃圾收运体系的建设,针对整个体系的建设,合理配置垃圾收集、垃圾运输等各个环节,提出了合理方案,同时对环境保护、社会人文、经济可持续发展给予了重点关注。     

农户调查方法在退耕还林（草）工程研究中的应用——以皇甫川流域为例

以皇甫川流域农户调查为例,探讨了农户调查方法在退耕还林（草）工程研究中的应用问题。农户调查因其数据获取直接、时效性强、反映问题全面等特点,可用于农户生产生活受工程影响及其相互作用等研究,并为相关政策的制定提供参考。研究表明：农户对退耕还林（草）工程普遍持赞成态度,但一些农户反对禁牧和圈养舍饲。影响农户对退耕还林（草）工程态度的主要因素是农户的年龄、家庭人数以及退耕所能带来的收益;影响农户对圈养舍饲态度的主要因素是畜牧业收入;农户受教育程度越高,人均纯收入越高,但耕地面积、种植业和畜牧业比例越大,人均纯收入反而越少,表现出当地传统农牧业典型的“不可持续性”,并与生态系统的不可持续性交互作用,形成了生态一经济的恶性循环。如何进一步发挥退耕还林工程的作用,促进生态和经济的可持续性,值得进一步探讨。     

Survey on the Listeria contamination of ready-to-eat food products and household environments in Vienna, Austria

Qualitative and quantitative contamination of ready-to-eat food-stuffs with the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes was studied in 1586 samples collected from 103 supermarkets (n = 946) and 61 households (n = 640) in Vienna, Austria. Seventeen groups of ready-to-eat foods were classified into three risk categories for contamination (CP1-CP3). Three to four samples were randomly collected at the retail level from each CP. Regarding the households, the sampling procedure was started with food items of CP1, and if not available, was continued with sampling of food items of CP2 and finally of CP3. Additionally, 184 environmental samples (swabs from the kitchen area, dust samples from the vacuum cleaner) and faecal samples (household members and pet animals) were included. One-hundred and twenty-four (13.1%) and 45 (4.8%) samples out of 946 food samples collected from food retailers tested positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively, with five smoked fish samples exceeding the tolerated limit of 100 CFU/g food. Food-stuffs associated with the highest risk of contamination were twice as frequently contaminated with L. monocytogenes as food-stuffs associated with a medium risk of contamination. Products showing the highest contamination rate were fish and seafood (19.4%), followed by raw meat sausages (6.3%), soft cheese (5.5%) and cooked meat products/patés (4.5%). The overall contamination rate of foods collected at the household level was more than two times lower. Only 5.6% and 1.7% of 640 food-stuffs analysed tested positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively. However, CP1 foods were rarely collected. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing of the collected L. monocytogenes isolates revealed a high degree of diversity between the isolates, with some exceptions. PFGE typing of isolates harvested from green-veined cheese revealed a match among strains, although the manufacturer seemed to be distinguishable. Typing of household strains revealed an epidemiological link within one family. In this case, food-stuffs and the kitchen environment were contaminated by an indistinguishable isolate. In addition, the same isolate was collected from a pooled faecal sample of the household members suggesting that consumption of even low contaminated food items (<100 CFU/g) results in Listeria shedding after the passage through the gut.     

Measuring fish catch and consumption: Practical methods for small‐scale fisheries based on length as an alternative to weight‐based approaches

Small‐scale fisheries are recognised as making important contributions to nutrition and economic development despite a lack of accurate quantitative information on catches and consumption. While direct measurement remains the most appropriate way of collecting such data, it is impractical at large scales. Instead, household surveys based upon informant recall of fish caught and/or consumed are frequently used. However, the accuracy of weight recall by informants (even over short recall periods) has not been established. Using data from household surveys, the accuracy and precision of catch and consumption estimates derived from: (a) asking informants to recall weights of fish caught and (b) asking respondents to recall lengths of fish caught and converting to weight were tested. Length‐based methods, using visual aids to assist recall, were more accurate, precise and correctable. These methods could be useful for catch estimation, especially where fish are processed, sold or consumed shortly after capture.     

“门当户对”的婚姻更幸福吗——以夫妻双方个人特征差距为视角

夫妻双方的年龄、受教育程度、收入以及户籍方面的差异会影响婚后的主观幸福感。夫妻双方的年龄差距越大,生活幸福感越弱,且这种影响更多地存在于男性和农业户籍人口中;夫妻双方的受教育程度差距虽然有利于女性主观幸福感的提升,却会恶化男性的主观幸福感;夫妻双方的收入差距越大,生活幸福感越强,且对于女性和农业户籍人口而言,收入差距对生活幸福感的影响更为显著;与夫妻双方都是农业户籍相比,夫妻双方都是非农业户籍的幸福感更强。夫妻双方的个人特征差异对婚后主观幸福感的影响存在性别与户籍差异。     

基于可持续生计框架的农地整治对农户生计策略的影响研究

[目的]研究农地整治政策对农户生计策略的影响,为政府国土部门制定完善的农地整治政策提供参考与依据。[方法]构建农地整治背景下农户的可持续生计框架,并运用统计分析、多元线性回归模型来分析农地整治对农户生计策略的影响。[结果]①农地整治后农户家庭人力资本没有变化,自然资本和社会资本略有变化,而物质资本和金融资本都有明显提高。②农地整治的实施会在一定程度上会促进农户的生计策略由传统农业向现代农业转变,生产制造业生计活动减少,服务业相关生计活动明显增加。[结论]农地整治政策的实施会改变农户选择现代农业、生产制造业、服务业的相关生计活动的影响因素;农地整治后,耕地的数量和质量依然是农户选择传统农业生计活动的显著因素。     

鸡粪和垃圾有机肥对苋菜生长及土壤重金属积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,在红壤和潮土中分别施入土壤重量5%、10%和15%的鸡粪或垃圾有机肥,研究其对苋菜（Amaranthustricoclor L.）生长、土壤化学性状及重金属含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施入鸡粪或垃圾有机肥显著增加苋菜的鲜重、主根长和株高;土壤有机质、EC值、速效磷和速效钾含量均大幅增加,但土壤全氮含量无明显变化。与对照相比,潮土中施用两类有机肥使苋菜植株Cu和Zn含量分别增加26.3%~36.0%和1.2%~20.3%,但未超出国家食品卫生标准对Cu和Zn的允许含量;Cd、Cr和Pb含量都较对照降低,没有出现积累现象。红壤施用两类有机肥,苋菜植株中Zn、Cd和Pb分别下降42.7%~59.9%、0~48.9%和4.1%~71.3%,达到显著水平。有机肥的施入量为5%时,两类土壤中重金属都没有出现明显积累;当施入量为10%和15%时,两类土壤的Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb含量显著增加,出现明显积累趋势,其中除了施用鸡粪使土壤有效Cu含量下降外,两种有机肥均增加了两类土壤中重金属Zn、Cd、Cr和Pb的有效态含量。试验结果提示,从土壤培肥与环境质量安全综合考虑,有机肥的用量应控制在一个适宜范围内。     

太阳能加热的地上式户用沼气生产系统热性能分析

为对太阳能加热的地上式户用沼气生产系统的推广应用和优化设计提供指导,试验研究了该型系统的热性能,对系统中真空管太阳能热水器日平均集热效率、沼气池散热量和热水-料液传热系数与相关因素的关系进行了分析。试验表明,当日平均环境温度在-2.1~-8.6℃变化时,沼气池内料液温度可维持在(27±2)℃的范围内。得到了太阳能热水器日平均集热效率、沼气池散热量和热水-料液传热系数的计算公式;研究发现沼气池内料液温度对热水-料液传热系数的影响很大,随着料液温度的提高,传热系数显著增加。