藏青杨虫瘿的空间分布格局

为明确蚜虫在西藏工布自然保护区藏青杨(Populus szechuanica var.tibetica)叶片上的危害特征及其产生虫瘿的分布特点,基于野外调查数据,应用扩散系数(C)、Morisita指数(I)、Cassie指标(Ca)、平均拥挤度(M*)、Lloyd聚块性指标、负二项参数(K)、Iwao回归分析法、Taylor幂指数法对该区藏青杨叶片上虫瘿空间分布格局进行研究。结果表明,藏青杨叶片左上虫瘿出现率为25.36%、左下为24.30%、右上为24.98%、右下为25.36%,叶片左边为49.66%、右边为50.34%;藏青杨不同方向叶片上虫瘿出现的比率均在25%左右。藏青杨叶片上虫瘿主要以3~7个聚集的形式存在。虫瘿出现频次(y)与虫瘿数量级别(x)的拟合曲线为y=-2.150 3x~2+23.159x-7.309 1(R~2=0.818 4)。6级虫瘿数量最多,占总虫瘿数的22.15%。由虫瘿空间分布参数可知,藏青杨叶片上虫瘿空间分布呈聚集型,但虫瘿聚集强度不大。总体上虫瘿个体群大小随虫瘿密度的增加而增大,个体群指数L值平均大小为7.20。经拟合,虫瘿空间分布格局Iwao M*-M回归模型为M*=1.059 9m+0.523 4(R~2=0.993 9),Taylor模型为log S2=1.043 4logm+0.043 7(R~2=0.996 4),两模型均判定为聚集分布。综上,虫瘿在藏青杨不同方位的出现率相近,但在叶片上均呈聚集分布,虫瘿的聚集除与环境因素有关外,也与其生物学特性相关。     

基质分散萃取-高效液相色谱法对菠菜中噻虫胺残留的检测

研究确立了乙腈为分散萃取溶剂,以羧基化双壁碳纳米管(DWCNTs-COOH)和石墨化碳黑(GCB)为基质分散材料的菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)样品中噻虫胺残留基质分散萃取前处理方法,建立并优化了乙腈等度洗脱的HPLC残留样品外标定量方法。结果表明,优化色谱条件下,噻虫胺标准样品的色谱保留时间为6.258 min,在0.05~100 mg/L范围内与对应色谱峰积分面积线性响应良好,回归方程为y=4.948 2x-1.316 9(R~2=0.999 7),噻虫胺在菠菜样品中0.1、0.5和5.0 mg/kg 3个水平的添加回收率均在85%以上,各添加水平的相对标准偏差均小于7%,该色谱条件下仪器检出限为0.052 7μg/L,方法的最低检测量为0.015 mg/kg。表明该残留样本前处理方法和样品检测方法简便、高效、经济、可靠,可满足噻虫胺在菠菜中的残留定量检测要求。     

羊高频高效繁育调控技术应用现状和操作要点

阐述了羊高频高效繁育调控技术的国内外研究应用现状,并结合生产实践总结出羊高频高校繁育调控技术操作程序及要点,其内容包括：羊的同期发情、多胎技术、精液解冻及镜检、输精前处理、腹腔镜观察卵巢状况、腹腔镜子宫内输精、早期妊娠诊断、羔羊代乳粉、羔羊早期断奶等技术和方法。     

陇川坝水稻德优8号(香型)品种优质高产栽培技术

通过云南陇川引进水稻德优8号(香型)品种的示范种植,初步提出了德优8号(香型)在陇川坝的优质高产栽培技术措施。     

三种荒漠植物叶绿素荧光参数日变化特征

利用Photosynq MultiseQ多功能植物测量仪测定塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地3种主要防护林植物头状沙拐枣、多枝柽柳和梭梭的叶绿素荧光参数日变化,探讨其与环境因子的关系,以揭示3种植物对极端环境的适应策略,为沙漠公路防护林的管护提供理论依据。结果表明：1）3种土壤都呈碱性;0~30 cm土层中的电导率（EC）远高于30 cm以下的土层。1 m内梭梭土层中的含水量高于多枝柽柳高于头状沙拐枣。2）3种植物的光合有效辐射（PAR）、叶片温度和线性电子传递（LEF）及植物周围的大气温度日变化均先升后降,且都在14：00达到最高;而大气湿度、实际光化学效率Y_（II）日变化均呈‘V’型。3）PAR基本上与3种植物的LEF、非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）、调节性能量耗散量子产量Y_（NPQ）、非调节性能量耗散量子产量Y_（NO）呈显著正相关,与实际光化学效率Y_（II）呈显著负相关;3种植物的Y_（II）与Y_（NPQ）、Y_（NO） 均呈极显著负相关。3种植物的LEF、Y_（II）、Y_（NPQ）的日均值差异不显著,但梭梭与多枝柽柳的NPQ和Y_（NO）日均值差异显著。4）在3种植物的叶绿素荧光参数中,梭梭和头状沙拐枣的LEF、NPQ和Y_（II）要高于多枝柽柳;而多枝柽柳的Y_（NO）要显著高于头状沙拐枣和梭梭。因此,高温和高光均对3种植物造成了不同程度的影响,通过主成分分析表明,3种植物的抗逆性强弱顺序分别为梭梭>头状沙拐枣>多枝柽柳。     

奶牛高产养殖技术要点分析

随着人民物质生活水平的不断提升,畜禽产品的需求量也在不断增大,奶牛产业作为畜牧业的重要组成部分,是农牧民增产、增收的重要途径。奶牛饲养过程中,泌乳量的多少直接影响奶牛养殖场（户）的经济效益,如何让奶牛充分发挥其泌乳性能一直是奶牛养殖过程中需要解决的问题。本文在阐述高产奶牛生产特点的基础上,从多个角度分析了奶牛高产养殖技术的要点,为奶牛养殖场（户）正确进行饲养和管理,充分发挥奶牛生产性能提供理论基础。     

Spatial Distribution of Surface Soil Acidity,Electrical Conductivity,Soil Organic Carbon Content and Exchangeable Potassium,Calcium and Magnesium in Some Cropped Acid Soils of India

Land degradation is a global problem. Best management of degraded land can be done by evaluating the spatial variability of soil properties including chemical properties of degraded land and mapping such variations. Since, a significant portion of arable land in India is chemically degraded due to soil acidity; the present study was conducted to study the spatial variability of soil acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (OC) content, exchangeable potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) contents in some cropped acid soils of India. A total of four hundred (one hundred from each series) representative surface (0–0.15 m depth) soil samples were collected from arable soils representing four soil series namely Hariharapur, Debatoli, Rajpora and Neeleswaram situated in Orissa, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala states of India, respectively, and were analyzed. Soil acidity (pH between 3.90 and 6.45) showed a low variability, in contrast to other soil properties, which showed moderate variability. The coefficients of variation varied from 32.4 to 74.3, 31.2 to 50.9, 45.6 to 100, 71.9 to 93.0 and 59.0 to 79.8% for EC (mean between 0.05 and 0.09 dS m⁻¹), OC (mean between 0.29 to 1.86%), exchangeable K⁺ (mean between 39.1 and 77.7 mg kg⁻¹), Ca²⁺ (mean between 148 and 293 mg kg⁻¹) and Mg²⁺ (mean between 111 and 191 mg kg⁻¹), respectively. Soil pH and OC content were positively and significantly correlated with exchangeable K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ content. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the best fit models were gaussian, exponential and spherical for different soil properties with moderate to strong spatial dependency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水头可调薄壁堰式渠道流量智能测控系统优化试验研究

采用巴赞堰流公式计算流量的水头可调薄壁堰式渠道流量智能测控系统通过渠道流量量测与控制试验,验证了其精准的测流功能和智能控制技术的可行性。为进一步提高该测控系统运行的效率和稳定性,减少运行能耗,对矩形薄壁堰堰流公式进行水力试验研究,通过分析堰上水头和流量关系,拟合出矩形薄壁堰流量计算公式。通过向该拟合公式引入修正系数λ=0.848,将测控系统测得的堰上水头数据值代入该拟合公式求得的流量值与电磁流量计测得流量值的差值的平均值为-0.004L/s,标准差为0.119,线性相关系数R2=0.989 1。该拟合公式相对于巴赞堰流公式形式简单、参数较少、运算简便,同时也满足节水灌溉对精准测流的要求,更适用于水头可调薄壁堰式渠道流量智能测控系统,对于在灌区推广和使用该测控系统具有重要的意义。     

响应面法优化杜仲叶提取物的制备工艺

优化杜仲叶提取物制备的工艺条件,在单因素试验基础上,以杜仲叶提取物浸膏得率和绿原酸转移率为评价指标,采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计法优化杜仲叶提取物制备的工艺条件。杜仲叶提取物制备的最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度500mL/L,液料比10∶1(mL/g),提取温度97℃,提取4次,每次30min;在此最佳工艺条件下,杜仲叶提取物浸膏得率和绿原酸转移率综合评分均值为99.08,与预测值基本一致。响应面法(RSM)优化的杜仲叶提取物制备工艺稳定可靠。     

Effects of a high milk intake during the pre‐weaning period on nutrient metabolism and growth rate in Japanese Black cattle

This study aimed to determine the effects of feeding an increased volume of high‐fat milk during the early post‐natal life on metabolite concentrations in the blood, the expression of key genes regulating intermediary metabolism in the skeletal muscles, and the rate of growth of Japanese Black cattle. All calves were fed a high‐fat milk replacer (crude protein, 26%; crude fat, 25.5%; total dissolved nitrogen, 116%). Control calves (n = 4) were nursed with 500 g milk replacer until 3 months of age, whereas calves in the experimental group (n = 4) were nursed with 1800 g milk replacer until 3 months, and then the volume was gradually reduced until 5 months. Body weight was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group at 7 months. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the experimental group. Expression of glucose‐transporter‐4 messenger RNA (mRNA) was lower, whereas that of glucose transporter 1, cluster of differentiation 36, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1b mRNA was significantly higher in the Longissimus thoracis of the experimental group. Nutritional status during early post‐natal life appears to strongly influence the growth rate and glucose and lipid metabolism in Japanese Black cattle.