现代雨水利用技术研究进展与研发重点

具有工程化、科技化、规模化内涵的现代雨水利用技术是现代节水农业技术的重要研究内容,已成为缓解干旱缺水,实现农业高效用水,降低常规农业用水量的有效措施。在分析现代雨水利用技术研究进展及其发展趋势基础上,指出现代雨水利用技术是传统雨水利用技术与新材料技术、现代生物技术、现代信息技术、现代灌溉工程技术等高新技术相结合的产物,具有多学科相互交叉、各单项技术相互渗透的明显特征。在此基础上,提出了近中期现代雨水利用技术研发的重点,即以重大前沿性技术研究为基础,研发与雨水利用相关的重要关键技术与产品,探索建立适宜的现代雨水高效利用技术体系。     

拖拉机姿控飞轮防侧翻系统卸载能量回收试验研究

拖拉机侧翻事故是农业生产过程中最严峻的安全问题之一,现有主、被动安全手段均未能从根本上解决该问题。在前期利用飞轮—电机加速旋转时产生的反向力矩进行姿态调节实现失稳态拖拉机姿态回稳的基础上,为进一步避免姿控飞轮卸载过程造成能量浪费,本文基于1∶16比例模型试验平台设计搭建了飞轮卸载能量回收电路,并通过模型试验对其回收效果进行了验证。试验结果表明,当模型拖拉机以0.2m/s速度行驶于路面不平度较高的G级、H级路面出现侧翻趋势并实现姿态回稳时,整机侧向姿态角降至10°后能量回收系统可介入工作,此时回收电压出现峰值0.97V（H-B轨迹）,随后其数值变化趋势与姿控飞轮转速的降低趋势相似,直至飞轮卸载完成后回收电压归零。试验过程中,飞轮—电机系统在对不同的整机侧翻趋势做出响应时,能量回收系统完成的电量回收不同,但均完成了对飞轮卸载能量的部分回收,提高了整机能源的利用效率。     

面向21世纪的中国农业工程议程探讨(英文)

综述了中国2000～2030年瓶颈时期食物安全和农业水资源安全问题的各种预测;讨论了农业科技的对策;提出了实现中国农业现代化及贯彻国家生态环境建设规划(2000～2050)所需优先发展的农业工程科技领域。建议在这些优先领域,大力开展结合各个地区特定条件的国际合作研究和合资经营。开发、推广与实施先进适用型技术。指出这是获得未来潜在市场最高份额以及快速发展的途径。     

Reed harvest and summer drawdown enhance bittern habitat in the Camargue

The vulnerable Eurasian bittern Botaurus stellaris has recently benefited from conservation actions in several European countries. The Camargue in Mediterranean France holds 8000 ha of reed marshes and 50% of the French bittern population estimated at 300-350 booming males. Although reed cutting in Europe is a current practice, we provide the first analyses on habitat selection relative to reed exploitation. The contribution of reed harvesting and water management was assessed at a fine scale (digitized aerial photographs of 50-cm resolution) based on multi-modelling data analyses. GLMs applied to random and bittern points of 50-m radius showed that bitterns preferred areas with less than 10% open water enclosing 1-year reeds. Only in harvested reedbeds had the water management a significant impact on habitat selection, with bitterns avoiding areas dried during less than two months and flooded since less than 8 months. Water edge played a role in non-harvested reeds only, with bittern seeking for areas with the highest ratio water edge to open water. Although reed cutting is generally considered as detrimental in the short term, two 4-year experiments showed a marked increase in bitterns the first spring after cutting was interrupted. Based on these results, we propose various management scenarios that conciliate economic constraints of reed harvesters and protection of Eurasian bittern populations.     

基于改进YOLOv5s和多模态图像的树上毛桃检测

毛桃等果实的准确检测是实现机械化、智能化农艺管理的必要前提。然而,由于光照不均和严重遮挡,在果园中实现毛桃,尤其是套袋毛桃的检测一直面临着挑战。本研究基于改进YOLOv5s和多模态视觉数据提出了面向机械化采摘的毛桃多分类准确检测。具体地,构建了一个多类标签的裸桃和套袋毛桃的RGB-D数据集,包括4127组由消费级RGB-D相机获取的像素对齐的彩色、深度和红外图像。随后,通过引入方向感知和位置敏感的注意力机制,提出了改进的轻量级YOLOv5s（小深度）模型,该模型可以沿一个空间方向捕捉长距离依赖,并沿另一个空间方向保留准确的位置信息,提高毛桃检测精度。同时,通过将卷积操作分解为深度方向的卷积与宽度、高度方向的卷积,使用深度可分离卷积在保持模型检测准确性的同时减少模型的计算量、训练和推理时间。实验结果表明,使用多模态视觉数据的改进YOLOv5s模型在复杂光照和严重遮挡环境下,对裸桃和套袋毛桃的平均精度（Mean Average Precision,mAP）分别为98.6%和88.9%,比仅使用RGB图像提高了5.3%和16.5%,比YOLOv5s提高了2.8%和6.2%。在套袋毛桃检测方面,改进YOLOv5s的mAP比YOLOX-Nano、PP-YOLO-Tiny和EfficientDet-D0分别提升了16.3%、8.1%和4.5%。此外,多模态图像、改进YOLOv5s对提升自然果园中的裸桃和套袋毛桃的准确检测均有贡献,所提出的改进YOLOv5s模型在检测公开数据集中的富士苹果和猕猴桃时,也获得了优于传统方法的结果,验证了所提出的模型具有良好的泛化能力。最后,在主流移动式硬件平台上,改进后的YOLOv5s模型使用五通道多模态图像时检测速度可达每秒19幅,能够实现毛桃的实时检测。上述结果证明了改进的YOLOv5s网络和含多类标签的多模态视觉数据在实现果实自动采摘系统视觉智能方面的应用潜力。     

Soil erosion under different harvesting managements in steep forestlands from northern Spain

In spite of the high risk of erosion, highly mechanized operations, in which humus layer removal and down-slope ploughing are practised, are often employed to prepare steep forestlands for planting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect on soil loss of three post-harvesting management systems usually used in a mountainous region of northern Spain. The techniques evaluated were (a) conventional stem-only harvesting, (b) whole-tree harvesting and humus layer removal and (c) whole-tree harvesting and humus layer removal followed by down-slope deep ploughing. Soil erosion was measured in a total of 39 recently clear-felled Pinus radiata plantations over the period between the stand harvesting and establishment of understorey vegetation. They were located on slopes with gradients of between 40 and 50 per cent. For all treatments the associated runoff–rainfall ratios were high, indicating inherent low permeability of the soil. Intense site preparation resulted in considerable decreases in soil organic matter and increases in bulk density, which decreased the hydraulic conductivity and subsequently produced higher runoff. These deteriorations of soil properties delayed the establishment of pioneer vegetation thus extending the period of high erosion. In the ploughed soils, the higher soil erodibility and the removal of slash and vegetation cover resulted in a four-fold increase of soil losses when compared with no mechanical site preparation. The results indicate that, in order to maintain the soil productivity, and for conservation purposes, harvesting management should minimize the soil disturbances and maintain the slash and vegetation cover. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Range fidelity: The missing link between caribou decline and habitat alteration?

Conservation of forest-dwelling caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) is of great concern across most of its range. Anthropogenic disturbances, primarily logging activities, have been identified as the most important cause of caribou decline, although the mechanisms underlying this decline are not fully understood. Caribou commonly display fidelity to calving sites or seasonal ranges, but the potential role of this life-history trait has been largely overlooked in research and conservation planning. This is surprising because sites and ranges with high inter-annual use should have high conservation value. We investigated the relationship between habitat disturbances and home-range fidelity of forest-dwelling caribou across three study sites in Québec, Canada, using a broad range of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Between 2004 and 2007, we tracked 47 adult female caribou using GPS collars. Home-range fidelity varied between seasons, being higher during calving and summer, and lower during winter. Caribou reduced fidelity following natural and anthropogenic disturbances, the latter having a stronger negative influence. Anthropogenic disturbances had a strong negative impact on home-range fidelity during annual, summer and winter periods, whereas natural disturbance was the dominant factor during calving. Despite this negative influence on fidelity, caribou tended to demonstrate range fidelity even in study sites most impacted by human activities. Habitat disturbances could produce two possible outcomes for caribou conservation: (1) a trend for females to reduce home-range fidelity which could translate into lower calf and female caribou survival through reduced familiarity with food distribution, escape cover and predation risk and (2) a global tendency to maintain range fidelity even in a drastically modified landscape which could turn into an ecological trap, particularly for calves when predation risk increases due to increased black bear density in early successional forests. Taking range fidelity behavior into consideration during forest management planning could direct conservation efforts toward the best available sites and therefore facilitate caribou persistence in managed landscapes.     

黑龙江省牧草种子收获机械现状及发展

长期以来,我国的草种采集(收获)主要依靠手工作业,生产效率低、损失大、成本高、质量差,由此造成的草种产量不足,影响了人工草地种植面积,同时草种质量不高影响了牧草质量。要从根本上解决这些问题,必须实现牧草种子收获机械化。为此,简要介绍了黑龙江省牧草种子收获机械的现状,分析了黑龙江省牧草种子收获机械落后的原因,比较了各种牧草种子收获机械的综合性能,提出了黑龙江省发展牧草种子收获机械的措施。     

小麦跨区作业信息需求分析

根据2005年小麦跨区作业调研的结果,分析了机手的基本情况、跨区作业过程中的信息需求、信息获取方式、信息获取渠道等。建议建立一个短信息系统网络,通过手机短信来发送与传递信息,引导跨区作业可持续发展。     

走系统工程之路加快玉米联合收获发展步伐

对玉米联合收获机推广应用较多的山东、山西及河北等省的玉米联合收获机试验情况进行了研究分析．其结果表明，影响玉米联合收获机推广的诸多因素中，最为关键的因素就是行距的适应性问题。为此，结合小麦联合收获机推广经验，指出了加快玉米联合收获机推广应用速度的关键是实现玉米生产过程机械化，而在小麦玉米一年两熟地区则要从小麦的种植规格入手，即实现小麦玉米全过程的机械化；并将系统工程的方法运用于种植收获的全过程，真正实现优质与高效的现代化农业生产。