橡胶产业升级与关键技术调研——橡胶树采胶及病虫害防控

通过对我国海南、云南、广东三大植胶区橡胶产业发展情况的调研,简要阐述橡胶采胶及病虫害防控方面的现状。探讨分析橡胶采胶及病虫害方面所面临的采胶技术管理执行不够好,橡胶树割面干涸病防控技术仍未获得突破,橡胶树常规病虫危害日趋严重及新病虫害不断涌现,橡胶栽培技术经济合理性研究不够等问题。提出通过切实做好采胶技术管理,割面干涸病防控技术研发,高效安全的采胶技术及新型刺激剂复方的研发,橡胶树突发病虫害监测预报及应急防控技术,橡胶树根病综合防控及植保药物技术研发等建议,发展提升橡胶产业整体水平。     

两段收获花生螺杆弯齿式轴流摘果装置设计与试验

针对现有花生摘果装置普遍存在的摘果损伤率高且易缠绕、堵塞和排秧困难等问题,以及满足我国两段式花生收获的捡拾联合收获机摘果装置研究需要,在研究两段式花生收获方式下花生植株性状与特点基础上,设计了一种螺杆弯齿式轴流全喂入花生摘果装置,摘果作业时,花生植株受螺杆、弯齿和凹板筛共同作用使花生荚果从花生茎秆上脱离,因螺杆有螺旋角、弯齿有倾角,花生植株沿摘果滚筒圆周运动的同时,受轴向分力作用排出机外,在保证高摘净率和低损伤率的同时避免植株在滚筒中缠绕和堵塞;对关键部件(螺杆、弯齿和凹板筛等)进行了设计与计算。以晾晒3~5 d的辽宁主栽花生品种花育30为试验材料,以弯齿与滚筒母线夹角、弯齿弯角和螺杆与滚筒母线夹角为试验因素,以摘净率和破碎率为试验指标,运用回归正交旋转试验方法,对样机进行了两段收获条件下的摘果性能试验;建立试验因素与试验指标之间的数学模型并进行响应面优化试验分析,结果表明:在弯齿与滚筒母线夹角为33°、弯齿弯角为60°和螺杆与滚筒母线夹角为23°时,花生摘果综合指标最优,花生摘净率为98.96%,花生破碎率为0.88%,均优于行业标准,满足实际生产要求。     

延迟收获对长江中游春玉米农艺性状及机收质量的影响

为探明长江中游玉米籽粒机械直收适宜品种与配套农艺措施,2018—2019年选用不同玉米品种,测定不同机收时间下玉米关键农艺性状、产量及机收质量指标。结果表明,收获时间对春玉米机收产量与机收质量均有显著影响。延迟1周收获后籽粒容重显著增加,机收产量显著提高,2年平均提高9.72%;而延迟2周收获则有降低机收产量的趋势。2年收获时杂质率总体≤3%,而机收籽粒破碎率与损失率均>5%,是该区域春玉米籽粒机收面临的主要问题。籽粒厚度、籽粒含水率和百粒重是影响机收籽粒破碎率的关键性状,三者与机收籽粒破碎率均呈显著的倒二次曲线关系;玉米的倒伏率、穗位高和重心高度是影响机收损失率的关键性状,倒伏率与机收损失率呈显著正相关,而穗位高和重心高度与机收损失率均呈显著的二次曲线关系。延迟收获能显著降低籽粒含水量,从而降低籽粒破碎率,但继续延迟收获有增加倒伏的风险。综上,长江中游春玉米成熟后适时延迟7~10 d收获,可有效降低籽粒含水量与机收籽粒破碎率,提高玉米籽粒机收产量。     

甜玉米不同采收期籽粒品质性状研究

为研究不同采收期甜玉米品质性状的变化,以7个国内生产主推甜玉米品种为研究材料,设置授粉后15、18、21、24、27、30天共计6个采收期,动态监测甜玉米籽粒含水率、果皮厚度和糖组分等指标。结果表明：（1）参试甜玉米品种的籽粒含水率在授粉后15~30天呈下降趋势,其籽粒含水率变幅为80.09%~68.76%。不同甜玉米品种间籽粒含水率的平均下降速率各异。‘京科甜608’、‘京科甜533’和‘中农大甜413’籽粒含水率下降速率相对缓慢。（2）参试甜玉米品种果皮厚度随授粉后天数增加呈先升高后降低的单峰变化趋势,峰值出现在授粉后21天左右。不同品种间籽粒平均果皮厚度以‘京科甜608’和‘米哥’最低,为78.40 μm;‘中农大甜413’最高,为91.63 μm。（3）参试甜玉米品种籽粒中葡萄糖和果糖含量在授粉后15~30天呈降低趋势,‘京科甜533’、‘京科甜183’、‘京科甜608’葡萄糖和果糖含量在授粉后15~24天相对较高。蔗糖和山梨醇含量随授粉后天数增加呈先升高后降低趋势,在授粉后21~30天,蔗糖含量以‘京科甜158’和‘米哥’含量相对较高。籽粒发育初期（授粉后21天之前）,籽粒中以果糖和葡萄糖为主,之后蔗糖逐渐增加。不同品种间,‘京科甜533’、‘京科甜183’、‘中农大甜413’和‘京科甜608’籽粒中总糖含量均高于‘米哥’,其籽粒中糖组分主要以果糖和葡萄糖等还原性糖为主,而蔗糖含量相对较低。     

Yield Performance of Wheat Isolines with Different Dosages of the Short Arm of Rye Chromosome 1

Translocations of the short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1 (1RS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pavon 76) are known to increase root biomass. Such an increase enhances water and nutrient uptake and may improve grain yield. Two greenhouse experiments and a field experiment were carried out at the University of California, Riverside, in 2012 and 2013 under well‐watered and terminal drought treatments to evaluate phenotypic characters associated with varying dosages of 1RS, including grain yield. The genotypes used were cultivar Pavon 76 (R₀), Pavon 76/Pavon1RS.1AL (F₁ hybrid) with a single dosage of 1RS (R₁A), Pavon 1RS.1AL with two dosages of 1RS (R₂A), Pavon 1RS.1DL (R₂D) also with two dosages of 1RS and Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL (R₄AD) with four dosages of 1RS. There was a significant positive correlation between number of dosages of 1RS and root biomass. However, no correlation was found between root biomass and grain yield per plant. Drought in the field experiment reduced grain yield significantly. Under well‐watered field conditions, grain yield of R₂A (215.9 g plant^?1) was significantly greater than those of R₂D (191.8 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (161.7 g plant^?1). Also, grain yield of R₄AD was significantly less than those of F₁, Pavon 76 and R₂D under well‐watered conditions. Under drought field conditions, no significant differences were found among the genotypes for grain yield was found between F₁ (14.7 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (12.4 g plant^?1). Harvest index was significantly greater in well‐watered (44.2 %) than in drought (34.6 %) field conditions. On average, genotypes F₁ (42.3 %) and R₂A (40.6 %) had higher harvest index than R₂D (38.3 %) and R₄AD (35.5 %) in the field. Also, Pavon 76 (40.2) and R₂D (38.3) had higher harvest index than R₄AD. Drought tolerance was lowest for R₄AD due to its relatively lower grain yield potential. In general, Pavon 1RS.1AL carrying two dosages of 1RS showed higher grain yield under wet treatments. Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL carrying four dosages of 1RS produced the largest shoot and root biomasses, but the least grain yield.     

不同收获期对全株玉米青贮营养价值、发酵品质和瘤胃降解率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同收获期对全株玉米青贮营养价值、发酵品质和瘤胃降解率的影响。试验抽样采集山东省44个区县130个养殖场130份全株玉米青贮饲料样品,按照收获时玉米籽粒的乳线位置,共分为1/2乳线、2/3乳线和3/4乳线3个时期,样品数量分别为40、60和30份,测定其营养价值、发酵品质和瘤胃降解率。结果表明:1)随着收获期的延迟,全株玉米青贮的干物质(DM)含量显著增加(P<0.05),粗灰分(Ash)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。1/2乳线期全株玉米青贮的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量显著高于2/3乳线期和3/4乳线期(P<0.05)。2)随着收获期的延迟,全株玉米青贮的淀粉(CB1)含量显著增加(P<0.05)。1/2乳线期全株玉米青贮的总碳水化合物(CHO)、可溶性糖(CA)含量显著低于3/4乳线期(P<0.05),1/2乳线期全株玉米青贮的不可利用纤维(CC)和可利用中性洗涤纤维(CB3)含量显著高于2/3乳线期和3/4乳线期(P<0.05)。3)随着收获期的延迟,全株玉米青贮的发酵系数和费氏评分显著增加(P<0.05)。1/2乳线期和2/3乳线期全株玉米青贮的乳酸含量显著高于3/4乳线期(P<0.05),1/2乳线期全株玉米青贮的的丙酸含量显著高于2/3乳线期和3/4乳线期(P<0.05)。4)随着收获期的延迟,全株玉米青贮的总可消化养分含量及消化能、代谢能均显著增加(P<0.05)。1/2乳线期全株玉米青贮的维持净能、增重净能和泌乳净能显著低于2/3乳线期和3/4乳线期(P<0.05)。5)1/2乳线期和2/3乳线期全株玉米青贮的24和48h的干物质降解率显著低于3/4乳线期(P<0.05)。综上所述,收获期为3/4乳线期时,全株玉米青贮的营养价值和发酵品质最优。     

大豆转化系数的研究：Ⅱ,大豆杂交后代表观收获指数和粒茎比的遗传研究

用表观收获指数和粒茎比不同的12个亲本配制11个组合,对其后代表观收获指数和粒茎比进行了研究。结果表明,大豆F_1代表观收获指数和粒茎比存在一定的杂种优势,其优势程度因组合而异。表观收获指数和粒茎比在F_2代均呈广泛分离,多数组合表现出超亲现象,其遗传属于数量性状遗传,无母体效应。F_2、F_3代,表观收获指数和粒茎比与中亲值相关显著。F_2代表观收获指数和粒茎比的广义遗传力分别平均为46.19％和37.47％。可将表观收获指数和粒茎比(?)入高产育种、高光效育种和株型育种的选择指标。     

A Danish example of optimal thinning strategies in mixed-species forest under changing growth conditions caused by climate change

In this study, we analyse the economic and managerial aspects of option values related to having a mixed-species stand. As an example, we look at a mixed Norway spruce and Sitka spruce stand in Denmark when timing and intensity of future climate, and its effect on tree growth, are uncertain. Assuming that tree growth follows a discrete non-stationary stochastic process, we use dynamic programming to optimise the harvest distribution between the two species.

The results show that facing growth uncertainty caused by potential climate change implies an option value. Such uncertainty can be a potential advantage as long as we are able to maintain flexibility, keep decisions open, and there is a chance that climatic change will benefit some species. We analyse the model under different uncertainty assumptions and show that the larger changes we expect, the higher is the option value at any time during the stand’s life and, hence, we keep, on average, both tree species in the stand for a longer period of time. Moreover, we find that the adjustments may take place rather late in the rotation, a result brought about by the significance of the option value, which makes it optimal to maintain a reasonable stocking of both species.     

种植业结构调整对化肥施用量的影响

1978年至2015年中国农用化肥施用量持续增长,2016年首次出现负增长,但化肥施用强度并未有实质性下降,单位耕地面积的化肥施用折纯量仍然高达443.53 kg·hm-2,极大超过了发达国家为防止化肥对环境造成危害所设置的225 kg·hm-2的安全上限。本研究利用1994—2016年26个省份的面板数据,采用描述性统计分析和计量经济模型,科学剖析种植业结构调整,特别是蔬菜、水果面积增加同化肥施用强度增长之间的关系。结果表明,蔬菜、瓜果等经济作物的种植面积增加是化肥施用强度高、化肥施用量增长的重要原因,此外,地区经济发展水平、农作物总面积对农用化肥施用量增加有显著正向影响,化肥生产价格对化肥施用量有显著负向影响。     

玉米机械收获子粒破碎率与含水率关系的品种间差异

基于2012～2017年在北疆大田机械粒收条件下获取的收获质量评价数据,分析当地主栽的9个品种机械粒收过程中子粒破碎率和含水率的关系。调查范围内,不同品种收获期子粒含水率平均值分布范围为19.6%(KX9384,KWS1568)～28.2%(联创808),破碎率平均值分布范围为2.8%(新引M753)～8.5%(KWS2564),收获时品种间子粒含水率和破碎率均存在显著差异。分析显示,虽然131个样本子粒含水率(y)与破碎率(x)之间呈极显著正相关(r=0.302**),符合二次曲线(y=ax~2+bx+c)关系,但不同品种破碎率对子粒含水率的响应程度具有一定差异。在相同含水率条件下不同品种耐破碎性能存在较大差异,相应满足国标破碎率≤5%和≤8%要求适宜收获的子粒含水率范围也不同。筛选出新引M751、新引M753、KX9384、登海618和先玉335等耐破碎性能较好的品种。