日本落叶松全同胞子代生长性状的分析

利用20年生落叶松全同胞子代树高、胸径的观测数据,以小区平均数为据,采用Griffing配合力分析方法4的程序对生长性状的配合力分析,结果表明:树高、胸径的一般配合力均占优势,分别为79.82%、53.42%,说明日本落叶松生长性状的遗传主要受基因的加性效应所控制。采用配合力效应筛选的优良亲本为:宽10,草41,草13,永10,用其组建1.5世代种子园的改良效果为:树高、胸径、材积分别提高2.95%、9.70%、14.08%,筛选的优良杂交组合为:草13×草6、草82×永11、草82×503、永10×永8、草82×草13、草13×永11,用其建立人工控制授粉的杂交种子园的改良效果为:树高、胸径、材积分别提高8.28%、13.21%、27.60%。     

Effects of light,macronutrients, and sucrose on germination and development of the endangered fern Adiantum reniforme var. sinense (Adiantaceae)

Effects of light, macronutrients strength of Murashige and Skoog (MS) (1962), and sucrose in the culture medium on spore germination and gametophyte development of the endangered fern Adiantum reniforme var. sinense were investigated. The presence of light was found to be essential for both spore germination and gametophyte growth. Moreover, a medium consisting of 1/4 MS with 15 g/l sucrose was optimal for spore germination and early gametophyte development; whereas, MS medium with 30 g/l sucrose was optimal for further gametophyte development. Increasing amounts of sucrose (45–60 g/l) in the medium delayed gametophyte growth and development. Additionally, sporophyte formation and early growth of gametophytes in a medium consisting of clay and peat (v/v = 1:2) was higher than those in a medium consisting of pure river sand. These findings indicated that requirements for nutrients for spore germination and early gametophyte development of A. reniforme var. sinese were relatively low, but these increased with further gametophyte development, formation and growth of sporophytes.     

土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的测定及消解动态研究

建立了土壤中邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯（DNOP）,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯（BBP）的气相色谱-质谱（GC—MS）联用测定方法。土壤样品经过超声提取,Al2O3小柱净化,进气相色谱-质谱联用检测,三种邻苯二甲酸酯在0．05—5mg／l范围内呈现良好的线性,检测限低至0．02μg／l。所建立的方法准确度高,灵敏度好,适合土壤样品中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定。通过消解动态试验,得到了DNOP和DBP在土壤中的消解规律,其消解过程符合一级动力学关系Ci=C0e^-kt,实验获得了DNOP和DBP的消解动态方程和半衰期,DBP消解半衰期为1．5d,DNOP消解半衰期为5．9d。     

气候对巢湖东半湖水体环境变化的驱动效应

分析了小尺度气候变化对巢湖水体环境的影响,并揭示了水体营养生态对气候变化的响应机制。结果表明,年降雨量、年均温度、年日照时数变化稳定,平均值分别为1 176.2 mm,15.96℃和1 906 h,而高温天数(>35℃)年际变化显著(4~32 d/a)。调查期间总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)变化动态为开口向下的"凸"型抛物线形式,而高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和叶绿素a(Chla)总体呈现为"凹"型曲线,水体总体呈现为中度营养状态。CCA分析发现巢湖区域的年降雨量、年均温度、年高温天数(>35℃)、年日照时数与湖水中TN,TP,CODMn和Chla呈显著相关性。其中TN,TP,CODMn和年日照时数对水体营养状态影响显著,贡献率分别为69%,45%,36%和27%。因此,可推测日照时数年际变化是导致水质变化的重要因素之一,气候因子与TN和TP在一定条件下对水体富营养化形成具有协同效应。     

Quantitative methods for estimating foliar uptake of zinc from suspension‐based Zn chemicals

The present study developed methods for quantifying foliar Zn uptake from suspension‐based Zn chemicals of low solubility, which were ZnO (particle size: 0.15^–1.34 μm) and a newly synthesized Zn hydroxide nitrate crystal (Zn‐HNC) (50^–100 nm thickness and 0.2^–1 μm lateral dimension). Recently matured leaves of citrus (Citrus aurantium L. cv. Valencia), capsicum (Capsicum annume L. cv. Giant Bell), and/or tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Roma) were in vitro–treated with microdroplets (5 μL per droplet) of Zn‐HNC‐ and ZnO‐suspension solutions on the adaxial surface and incubated under controlled conditions for up to 72 h. Leaf‐washing protocols were compared, including: dilute ethanol (3%), dilute nitric acid (2%), and their combination. The methods for quantifying Zn uptake were: (1) whole‐leaf loading by which droplets of the Zn suspension solutions were loaded onto central regions of both left and right sides of leaf blades and (2) half‐leaf loading by which soluble‐Zn (ZnSO₄) droplets were loaded onto only one side of leaf blades while the other was used as the background Zn control. Foliar‐surface characteristics of the plant species affected the effectiveness of the washing methods. The dilute nitric acid (2%; ± 3% ethanol) was required to remove residue particles of the ZnO and Zn‐HNC suspensions from foliar surfaces of capsicum and tomato (highly trichomatic), but the residue Zn chemicals on citrus leaves (nontrichomatic and highly waxy) were similarly and effectively removed by the three washing methods. For quantifying Zn uptake by the leaves, the half‐leaf loading method showed its advantages over the whole‐leaf loading method, because it did not stringently require similar background Zn concentrations in the control and treated leaves at the start and had little risks of secondary absorption of soluble Zn in the washing solution.     

一种简便高效的PCR辅助选择技术在杂交水稻转Xa21基因育种中的应用

介绍了一种在杂交水稻转Xa21基因育种中使用的PCR分子标记辅助选择技术.该技术结合测交和半粒种子法可以快速准确地筛选出转Xa21基因纯合株系和转[ WTBX〗Xa21基因杂交稻,大大提高育种效率,对培育抗白叶枯病杂交稻具有重要的应用价值.     

Dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites in a humid-tropical vegetable production system

BACKGROUND: High amounts of insecticides are often used in intensive tropical vegetable production systems. Their persistence and residues in vegetables and soils need to be studied to ensure food safety and environmental stability. The dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites was studied in green mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.] and soils. Two treatments, Impact 75 (acephate) and Agent 505 (cypermethrin plus chlorpyrifos), were applied 4 times at weekly intervals. RESULTS: Dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in green mustard and topsoils followed first‐order kinetics, with half‐lives of between 1.1 and 3.1 days in green mustard and between 1.4 and 9.4 days in topsoils (26 °C). Higher vapour pressure of insecticides and higher rainfall appeared to stimulate dissipation from the vegetable, with least effect of rainfall on chlorpyrifos. Dissipation rates in the vegetable were faster or similar (cypermethrin) to rates observed for temperate areas. Preharvest intervals of 13, 4 and 3 days were required for acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites to comply with the tolerance levels. The pesticide dissipation rates in soils varied by less than a factor of 3 between sites. The metabolites methamidophos and TCP derived from acephate and chlorpyrifos amounted to less than 10 and 25% by mass of the parent compounds in soils. Vegetable shading possibly retarded pesticide degradation in soil. CONCLUSION: The dissipation of pesticides and their metabolites in the vegetable was rapid and faster than the dissipation in temperate climates. The degradation rates of pesticides in the soil were equal to or slightly faster than the degradation rates in temperate soils. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性及安全浓度评价

为研究敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应,采用96 h半静水式生物毒性试验方法,在水温(23.5±2.0)℃,溶解氧>5 mg/L的条件下,分别检测在曝气自来水(pH为6.5)和池塘水(pH为8.5)中敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应。结果显示:在曝气自来水中,敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为3.68、3.31、2.05、1.57 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.157 mg/L;在池塘水中,敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为0.35、0.29、0.17、0.13 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.013 mg/L。试验结果表明,在池塘水中敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的毒性比在曝气自来水条件下强。