球孢白僵菌不同施用方式对玉米促生作用的研究

采用土壤施用和叶面喷施2种方式将球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)菌株Bb202接种至玉米,研究不同接种方式及处理浓度对玉米生长的影响。结果表明,2种喷施方式对玉米苗均存在促生作用,且这种促生作用与孢子接种浓度密切相关。在叶面喷施处理中,白僵菌仅对玉米地上部分生长指标有促进作用,而对玉米苗的根长无显著影响;其中1.0×10~4孢子/m L处理组对玉米苗的促生效果最佳,其株高、叶长、叶宽、鲜重指标比蒸馏水对照组分别高出7.47%、15.42%、25.70%和16.85%。在土壤喷施处理中,白僵菌对玉米苗地上与地下部分均有显著促生作用;其中1.0×106孢子/m L和1.0×10~8孢子/m L处理组,玉米株高、叶长、根长、生物量指标较蒸馏水对照组分别提高了28.66%和29.59%、30.66%和37.85%、43.08%和33.60%、28.35%和32.55%。从对玉米苗的促生作用来看,用1.0×106孢子/m L的白僵菌悬浮液处理土壤,可以取得最经济、最显著的促生效果。     

不同木屑颗粒度对工厂化压块香菇生长的影响

以香菇(Lentinula edodes)工厂化生产品种沪香F2为供试菌株,以香菇生产常用配方(78%木屑,20%麸皮,2%石膏)为基础培养料,以菌丝生长速度、子实体产量、单菇重、出菇期、生物学效率以及菇型等为筛选指标,考察不同木屑颗粒度配比对工厂化压块条件下香菇生产的影响。结果表明:颗粒度组合M3(K1∶1.5mm以下,K2∶1.5~3.0mm,K3∶3.0~8.0mm;K1∶K2∶K3=1∶1∶1)的菌丝生长速度最快[(5.2±0.8)mm/d],单菇重最大[(27.1±1.0)g],产量较高[(178.7±3.6)g],菇型好,第一潮菇生物转化率可达到40.8%,生产周期可控制在100d以内,适合于在工厂化条件下应用。     

Callus induction and plant regeneration from lateral shoots of herbaceous bamboo Mniochloa abersend

Callus induction and plant regeneration of Mniochloa abersend via lateral shoots were conducted in this study. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1.0 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was effective for compact callus induction. Remarkably, calli on the MS medium with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D yielded the highest folds of proliferation (8.01), and showed a high potential capacity to differentiate 1 year after subculture. In addition, the compact calli possessed 100% differentiation rate and generated more shoots that were green and strong in 1.0 mg/L kinetin and 1.0 mg/L NAA. Vigorous roots were generated in the 1/2MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid, and the resultant plantlets exhibited 90% survival rate after they were hardened and transplanted. The established regeneration system of M. abersend provides a promising platform for bamboo gene function study.     

Yield of greenhouse-grown tomato in substrates containing coir and parboiled rice or burnt rice hulls

Substrate components produced in the sub-tropics or tropics were combined in various proportions as substrates for the greenhouse production of ‘Big Beef’ tomato. Coir was mixed with parboiled rice hulls (PBH) or burnt rice hulls (BRH) at 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% volume. Fruit fresh weights at equal proportions of BRH or PBH in coir were similar, with the greatest fruit yields achieved with 50 to 100% coir (0 to 50% PBH or BRH). Compared to 100% coir, PBH in coir decreased substrate container capacity and increased air porosity, while BRH in coir increased container capacity and decreased the air porosity. Pre-plant fertilisation of the PBH + coir substrates (superphosphate, gypsum, trace elements, calcium nitrate, and surfactant) increased fruit yield significantly. Substrates containing 50 to 100% coir with BRH or PBH yielded greater fruit fresh weights than was achieved in in 70% BRH + 30% gravel (a typical substrate used in the Dominican Republic), and reusing the 70% BRH + 30% gravel led to a 36% increase in fruit fresh weight. Fruit fresh weights in 100% coir or 75% coir plus 25% PBH or BRH were similar to those achieved in a commercial peat-lite. Herein we report on substrates made from tropical components that perform similarly to a peat-based substrate in the production of greenhouse-grown tomatoes.     

Direct somatic embryogenesis in Epipactis veratrifolia,a temperate terrestrial orchid

Most temperate terrestrial orchids are endangered species. Attempts to produce plantlets from plants of the genus Epipactis by asexual methods have totally failed. This study was conducted using somatic embryogenesis as a rapid vegetative propagation technique for conservation of E. veratrifolia. For these purposes, effects of different types of plant growth regulators (PGRs), different types of explants, light and dark conditions, and the effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and Paclobutrazol (PBZ) were investigated on somatic embryogenesis induction. Abscisic acid (ABA) pre-treatment effectiveness on inducting somatic embryogenesis and increasing the number of embryos per explant were investigated. Subsequently, 16 media were tested to find the best medium for plant regeneration and shoot and root proliferation. BA (3 mg L^?1) resulted in a better response than the other PGRs by supporting the development of 17 embryos per protocorm. PBZ, which resulted in 11 embryos per explant, was better than GA₃. FAST medium supplemented with organic substances was recognized as the best medium for plant regeneration and shoot and root proliferation. ABA pre-treatment had positive effect on somatic embryogenesis initiation. This study, for the first time, succeeded in finding a rapid and suitable protocol for propagation and genetic resource conservation of E. veratrifolia.     

刈割次数对林下黑麦草产量与品质的影响

林下种草养禽是一种复合型生态农业模式,为了优化林下牧草的刈割方式,获得较高产量的优质牧草。以林下黑麦草为试验材料,设置不同刈割次数处理(1、2、3、4、5次),比较不同刈割次数对其生长性状、干物质累积、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:刈割4次处理,林下黑麦草鲜草和干草产量最高,分别为86.53 t/hm~2和11.83 t/hm~2,刈割5次处理,鲜草和干草产量分别下降10.27%和7.79%。随着刈割次数的增加,林下黑麦草粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分等营养成分含量有上升趋势,粗纤维含量有下降趋势。另外,各处理以第2茬和第3茬黑麦草干草产量和品质较高。与非林下黑麦草比较,林下黑麦草产量和品质稍有下降。本试验条件下,林下黑麦草刈割4次可兼顾高产与优质,并且适当延长第2茬和第3茬生长时间,有利于产量和品质提高。     

人工养殖麦穗鱼的生长特性

分析麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)在人工养殖条件下的生长特性,为麦穗鱼养殖提供参考依据。2016年3—11月,于室外水泥池中开展了麦穗鱼养殖试验,分别测量其体重、体长及全长指标,进行生长特性分析。经180天的养殖,麦穗鱼平均全长达到3.96cm,平均体长达到3.23 cm,平均体重达到0.49g。特定生长率、日均增量和肥满度均受水温影响变化明显。体长(LB)与全长(LT)之间存在线性回归关系：LT=1.0589LB 0.767 (R2=0.8628),体长与体重(W)的回归方程为：W=0.0466LB2.1623 (R2=0.8306)。麦穗鱼体长的变异系数范围为6%~14%,体重的变异系数范围为20%~41%,肥满度在1.45~5.31之间变动。麦穗鱼在室外水泥池中生长效果良好,适宜进行规模化人工养殖。     

卵叶青藓水提液对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了解卵叶青藓可能具有的化感效应及其作用机制,以卵叶青藓配子体水提取液为处理液,以玉米种子为受试对象,通过测定不同浓度梯度卵叶青藓水提液对受试种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,初步阐明卵叶青藓可能具有的化感潜能.结果表明:卵叶青藓配子体水提液对玉米种子发芽率有较大影响,且总体趋势表现为提取液浓度愈高,对其种子萌发率影响愈大,处理组玉米种子萌发率显著低于对照组(p＜0.05);卵叶青藓水提液对玉米幼苗生长的影响表现在对苗高与根长的抑制方面.随着水提液浓度的增高,玉米幼苗根长逐渐变短,在80 mg/mL处理下达到最短,且与对照间差异显著(p＜0.05);对玉米幼苗根部发育状况有较强的影响,即随着水提液浓度的提高,生根数目逐步减少,直至浓度为80 mg/mL时达到最少.实验中,玉米幼苗鲜重及干重均随着提取液浓度的升高而减小,尤其是幼苗于重,在提取液浓度达到40 mg/mL时达到最小.随卵叶青藓提取液浓度不断增高,玉米幼苗叶片总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a含量逐步下降,均在80 mg/mL时达到最低,而叶绿素b在5 mg/mL时反而略高于对照组,在10 mg/mL时达到最低.上述结果表明,卵叶青藓具有一定的化感潜能.     

Na2CO3胁迫对非洲凤仙种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用室内水培试验,以不同浓度(10,20,30,40,50,60,70 mmol/L)的Na2CO3对非洲凤仙种子和幼苗进行胁迫处理,测定其种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势和叶绿素含量等指标.结果表明:各项指标与Na2CO3胁迫浓度呈明显负相关.当Na2CO3浓度达到50 mmol/L时,发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势显著下降,说明高浓度Na2CO3溶液对种子的萌发具有强烈的抑制作用.Na2CO3胁迫使叶绿素含量显著降低,严重影响幼苗的光合能力,抑制幼苗的正常生长.     

优化施肥对滨海盐渍土棉花生长及土壤养分供应特性的影响

通过2年大田试验,研究优化施肥对东营滨海盐渍土棉花生长及土壤养分供应能力的影响。设不施肥、农民传统施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥+有机肥4个处理。结果表明:与农民传统施肥对比,优化施肥及优化施肥+有机肥处理有效提高了棉花产量、肥料农学利用率、偏生产力;施肥改变了土壤盐基离子组成,农民传统施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥+有机肥处理Na+及Cl-所占比分别减少2.29%,3.45%,6.15%,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO_2-4有不同程度的提高;优化施肥+有机肥处理能明显提高土壤微生物和酶活性,其中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性分别比传统施肥和优化施肥高7.8%~17.0%和5.0%~13.3%;施肥提高了土壤速效养分,优化施肥+有机肥处理速效P和速效K含量总体处于较高水平,而N0-3-N、NH+4-N含量总体表现为传统施肥优化施肥+有机肥优化施肥不施肥,这说明优化施肥能有效降低土壤NO-3-N、NH+4-N含量,进而NO-3-N、NH+4-N的流失风险也随之减小。采用N、K肥基施+蕾期花期2次追施的优化施肥处理,不仅减少了肥料用量,而且提高了产量,配合施用有机肥增产效果更为显著。