猪舍内粪污废弃物和有害气体减量化工程技术研究

源头减量和过程控制是猪场废弃物综合治理的关键环节,而猪舍是废弃物产生的源头场所,该文针对猪舍内部污水和有害气体等养殖废弃物,从饮水系统、圈栏设计和清粪方式等3个方面,介绍分析了当前国内外在舍内废弃物减量化工程技术领域的研究进展。其中减少猪只饮水浪费水量是舍内污水减量的首要环节,通过优化饮水器选型、调整饮水器安装方式、选择适当水流速度等可以降低饮水浪费水量;合理的圈栏布置和地面类型可以促进猪只定点排泄,从而降低圈栏污染程度以及舍内有害气体浓度,配合适当的圈舍冲洗方式可以减少大量圈舍冲洗用水;不同的清粪方式会影响舍内空气环境、污水产生量及污染物浓度,与干清粪相比,水冲粪和水泡粪都存在耗水量大、污水产生量大及其污染物浓度高、舍内有害气体含量高等问题,从清洁生产的角度考虑,干清粪工艺是规模化猪场的必然选择。该文旨在为减少猪场废弃物总量、降低处理利用成本和实现清洁健康养殖提供工程技术支撑,促进中国生猪养殖业绿色转型升级。     

Effects of Green Manures and Zinc Fertilizer Sources on DTPA-Extractable Zinc in Soil and Zinc Content in Basmati Rice Plants at Different Growth Stages

Rice is very sensitive to low zinc(Zn) supply in submerged paddy soils and Zn deficiency is one of the major limiting factors in determining rice production in India. A field experiment was conducted during the summer-rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to determine the effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA)-extractable(available) Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in Basmati rice cultivar Pusa Basmati 1 at periodic intervals. Summer green manure crops included Sesbania aculeata(Dhaincha),Crotalaria juncea(Sunhemp), and Vigna unguiculata(Cowpea) and the Zn fertilizers used were ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA)-chelated Zn, ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnO, and ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO. Beneficial effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in dry matter of Basmati rice at periodic intervals were observed, with significant increases in all the determined parameters, in comparison with those in the control(no Zn application or summer fallow). The rate of increase varied among summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers during both years. Among the summer green manures, incorporation of S. aculeata led to a significant increase in mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw when compared with C. juncea, V. unguiculata, and summer fallow treatments. Among the Zn fertilizers, significant increases in Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter and DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil during various growth stages of the plant were recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application, followed by the application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO, ZnO,and no Zn. The highest mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw was recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O was the second best treatment after EDTA-chelated Zn; however, it was statistically inferior to EDTA-chelated Zn. The lowest values were recorded with the control(no Zn application) during both years of study. The amount of Zn concentration in soil was found to be significantly positively correlated with the Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter during both years. Significantly higher levels of residual fertility in soil after the harvest of Basmati rice were observed with application of EDTA-chelated Zn and incorporation of S. aculeata when compared with those of other Zn sources and summer green manures.     

基于改进遗传算法的立体车库布局对比及服务资源优化

为了缓解城市交通压力,提高立体车库的服务效率.以排队论原理建立了立体车库的排队模型,考虑层、列布局对整体运行效率的影响,利用改进遗传算法通过改进编码方式、交叉变异,对堆垛机调度进行优化,得出优化后的顾客平均等待时间、平均等待队长;堆垛机空闲概率缩短了约29.1%,47.8%和0.31%;探讨了堆垛机数量及服务台数量对运行效率的影响,得出堆垛机数量为6台、服务台为3个时立体车库运行效率较高.从仿真结果来看,对立体车库库位布局和资源配置的研究,不仅可以提高立体车库运行效率,而且可以为立体车库的设计建造提供依据,对立体车库的快速发展及广泛地应用具有积极意义.     

带双负载运行的VIENNA整流器中点电压平衡控制

针对VIENNA整流器结构固有的中点电压波动问题,可以通过双负载结构中调整负载的大小来观察。文章分析了三相VIENNA整流器的工作原理,采用一种电压电流双环结构,空间矢量调制(SVPWM)方式控制运行。针对三电平结构固有中点电压波动问题,通过调节正负小矢量的作用时间,能够达到双负载在大小不同的情况下,直流电压稳定,中点电压平衡的效果,最后使用MATLAB/Simulink仿真证明了此方案的可行性。     

绿色防治储粮害虫的技术措施

根据粮食储藏绿色、环保、安全的要求,探讨在不使用化学药剂的前提下,防治储粮害虫的物理、生物技术,以及技术的作用机理、适用范围、研究应用情况和发展趋势,以期为绿色防治储粮害虫提供技术参考。     

三熟制模式下冬季作物对早稻返青缓苗期植株生长的抑制作用

设置3种稻田三熟制模式与“冬闲+早稻+晚稻”模式对比,研究了冬季作物对早稻返青缓苗期植株生长的影响。结果表明：三熟制模式下水稻返青期推迟2~3 d、缓苗期推迟1~3 d,期间水稻株高、叶龄、叶绿素含量（SPAD）、根茎叶干物质下降;在移栽至缓苗期内,三熟制模式下水稻植株根冠比比对照的小;移栽至返青期,三熟制模式下水稻生长速率均比对照处理低,在返青至缓苗期表现则相反。本研究结果表明,三熟制模式下冬季作物明显抑制了早稻返青缓苗期植株生长,其抑制作用在水稻返青后变小。     

自进式管道清洗喷头的喷嘴布置

自进式旋转喷头是管道清洗用高压水射流清洗装置的关键执行部件,为了保证自进式旋转喷头在管道清洗过程中能够稳定地自进和旋转,分析了自进式旋转喷头的喷嘴数目、夹角及偏心量对其运动和清洗效果的影响,通过对比旋转式喷头与非旋转式喷头、无偏心喷头的喷嘴布置及清洗效果,得出结论:喷嘴数目、夹角及偏心量是保证喷头自进和旋转的关键,且三者之间相互关联,进而分析了喷嘴布置设计的要点。基于此,提出了一种合理高效旋转喷头的喷嘴布置方式,既能使自进式旋转喷头稳定运动,又能提高高压水清洗的效率。     

城市不同功能分区草坪绿地土壤有机碳与碱解氮垂直分布特征

为了解城市草坪绿地土壤有机碳与碱解氮垂直分布特征,以长春市为例,选取不同功能分区(公园、道路、居住区、校园)草坪土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤pH值、有机碳(SOC)、碱解氮(AN)的垂直分布特征及相关性。结果表明:草坪绿地类型与土壤剖面对土壤pH值、有机碳(SOC)、碱解氮(AN)含量影响显著(P<0.05)。其中,不同功能区0～30 cm土壤pH值为:校园绿地>道路绿地>居住区绿地>公园绿地;不同功能区0～30 cm土壤SOC含量为:公园绿地>居住区绿地>校园绿地>道路绿地;不同功能区0～30 cm土壤AN含量为:公园绿地>居住区绿地>校区绿地>道路绿地。相关性分析表明:土壤SOC与AN呈正相关,而绿地土壤的pH值与SOC含量呈负相关。由此结论我们可以通过增加土壤中碱解氮含量,调节土壤pH值,来使土壤得到优化,增加固碳能力,减弱温室效应,改善生态环境。     

包装袋对核桃青果贮藏效果对比试验

为了探明不同包装袋对青皮核桃在冷藏期间贮藏效果的影响,采用气调保鲜袋PE40、PE50硅窗袋g50、g55、g60、g656种包装袋。以清香青果为试材研究了不同贮藏期中贮藏效果对比试验。结果表明:与普通硅窗袋相比核桃青果贮藏宜采用自发气调袋,在PE40~PE50,建议选择P40袋。     

分数次Hardy算子的交换子在Lipschitz空间上的端点估计

主要研究分数次Hardy算子和Lipschitz函数生成的交换子在Lipschitz空间上的端点估计.分数次积分算子的方法不适用于分数次Hardy算子,将给出新的方法,同时也将考虑分数次极大算子的交换子的结果.