An evaluation of the Olsen test as a measure of plant-available phosphorus in grassland soils derived from basalt parent material

Abstract. Anecdotal and circumstantial evidence have suggested that the Olsen test underestimates plant-available phosphorus (P) in basaltic soils in Northern Ireland. Therefore, the ability of this test to predict plant-available P in basaltic (and non-basaltic) soils was investigated by regressing Olsen-P data against herbage P indices calculated from plant tissue test data using the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system. The average Olsen-P concentration for a range of fields situated on basaltic soils was considerably lower than the average Olsen-P concentration for a range of fields situated on non-basaltic soils, and yet mean sward P status, as given by the herbage P indices, was similar for both groups of fields. Herbage P indices were also much better correlated with Olsen-P measurements in non-basaltic soils than in basaltic soils. Furthermore, at low Olsen-P values (≶9mgPL⁻¹) some swards on basaltic soils were genuinely deficient in P, while others were sufficient or even in surplus for this nutrient. The results confirm that Olsen-P is inadequate as a predictor of plant-available P in basaltic soils. It is concluded that an alternative soil test is needed to provide a reliable assessment of plant-available P in basaltic soils, to prevent overuse of fertilizer and manure P and to minimize the amounts of P entering local watercourses.     

The Phytotoxicity of Various Graminicides in Durum Wheat in Greece

The effect of three herbicides, diclofop-methyl (DM), imazamethabenz-methyl (IM) and fenoxaprop-ethyl (FE), was investigated at the recommended rate (×) and double the recommended rate (2×) in a durum wheat crop. FE had the smallest effect on root system characteristics, while IM had the greatest effect. For all herbicides, the double rate treatment gave a greater statistical reduction than the single rate for root system characteristics. FE had the smallest effect on the activity of aerobic microorganisms, while DM gave the greatest reduction, 10 days after application, and all three herbicides reduced earthworm abundance. DM gave the smallest reduction in the number of tillers and in plant height, while the double rate of IM gave the greatest reduction. For all three herbicides, double the recommended rate resulted in a significant reduction in the weight of 1000 seeds, while no statistically significant deviations were noted at the recommended rate. Finally, the use of all three herbicides resulted in significantly lower statistical yields compared to the sample (control plot), although there were no significant statistical differences among them, for either recommended or double recommended rates.     

酥梨采后灰霉病生防菌株的鉴定及抑菌作用

以微生物拮抗病原菌是防治病害安全高效的可行手段。通过对果实表面微生物进行筛选鉴定,以期得到一株可以有效抑制灰霉病的生物防治菌株。对拮抗菌株H-1进行形态学特征、生理生化特性分析,结合16S rDNA序列分析和gyrB 基因序列分析构建系统发育树;采用平板对峙法结合果实伤口试验考察拮抗菌H-1在体外及梨果表面的抑菌作用。结果表明：经鉴定H-I菌株为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）;B. velezensis H-1在体外条件下可显著抑制灰葡萄孢霉（Botrytis cinerea）、细极链格孢（Alternaria tenuissima）和串珠镰孢菌（Fusarium verticillioides）的菌丝生长,其中对灰葡萄孢霉菌丝的抑制作用最强;果实伤口试验表明,1×1011 CFU/mL的B. velezensis H-1可完全抑制梨果表面灰霉菌生长。由此可见,B. velezensis H-1可以有效抑制梨果采后灰霉病的发生。     

磷指数模型在美国的应用和发展

磷是植物生长必需的营养元素之一,在农业生产中起着关键作用。然而,长期过量的磷肥投入导致土壤磷素水平增加,进而加大了土壤磷素流失风险,造成农业非点源磷污染,同时这也成为导致水体富营养化的主要因素之一。因此,识别和管理农业非点源磷的流失风险关键区,成为面源污染亟待解决的关键问题。磷指数模型起源于20世纪90年代,是评估农田磷流失潜力和指导磷管理决策的重要工具之一。根据研究区特点,美国众多学者在各州设立了不同的磷指数指标体系,优化了磷指数的组成因子、计算方法和分级标准。本文对美国各州磷指数模型评价体系进行了综述和评价,指出了磷指数模型的局限性,提出了改进方向,以期为我国磷素管理方法提供借鉴。     

宁夏两次夏季典型暴雨过程成因对比分析

利用自动气象站站点实况和ECMWF ERA5的逐时再分析资料,通过环流分析和物理量诊断方法,对比2017年6月4日和2019年8月2日宁夏区域性暴雨强降水区域、环流背景、影响系统和物理量因子的共性和不同.结果表明:后者累积降水量和最大小时雨强均比前者大;2017年6月4日,宁夏处于东高西低的环流形势中,强降水出现在低空急流的左前方,低空切变线的右前方,即宁夏中北部,稳定维持的地面中尺度辐合线触发了局地强降水;2019年8月2日暴雨过程出现在宁夏南北两头,是两槽一脊环流背景下,由500hPa冷涡、冷槽和700hPa低槽、切变、低空急流共同造成的,是一次典型的强对流单体导致的暴雨过程.2019年8月2日短时强降水过程比湿、CAPE、ZH零度高度、-20度层高度数值较大;两次短时强降水过程沙氏指数为正;2017年6月4日LI为正值,2019年8月2日LI为负值;2017年6月4日850-500假相当位温差为负值,2019年8月2日为正值;二者200hpa 、700hPa为辐散,850hPa为辐合,后者200hPa辐散中心强度大于前者,而700hPa辐散中心强度和850hPa辐合中心强度反之。     

生物炭对盐碱条件下海滨锦葵根系与土壤特性的影响

为探索生物炭对盐碱条件下植物根系与土壤特性的影响,以海滨锦葵为材料,在盐碱土壤中添加不同含量的生物炭,测定植株根系活力、根系生长、土壤pH值、土壤电导率、土壤容重、土壤孔隙度等指标。结果显示:在盐碱胁迫下,添加生物炭提高了海滨锦葵根系活力,中高浓度生物炭明显促进植株根系生长,土壤pH值与电导率均降低,土壤容重呈上升趋势,而土壤孔隙度呈现下降趋势。经比较,5.0%和7.5%生物炭对盐碱条件下海滨锦葵根系发育与土壤特性的调控效果相对较好。     

淮安市农业科技成果转化评价体系构建及实证分析

农业科技成果转化在我国农业现代化发展进程中发挥着至关重要的作用。本文在构建农业科技成果转化综合评价体系的基础上,运用层次分析法、专家征询法对淮安市农业科技成果转化进行实证研究,并在人才团队、企业创新、校企合作等方面提出加快地方农业科技成果转化的对策,以期充分发挥科技对农业经济社会发展的重要支撑作用。     

白色金针菇工厂化生产技术与装备体系研究

白色金针菇工厂化生产使用规范化的硬件设施,采用标准化的生产流程和层层把关的有效管理,生产受农业环境影响小,确保了产品的产量和品质。白色金针菇工厂化生产流程为:菌种选育与培养基(料)优化(包括基料选配、搅拌、装袋合灭菌等)→规范化生产(包括接种、培养、搔菌、出菇蕾、驯养、生长及采收等环节)与病虫害综合防治技术→商品菇分级包装。     

Comparison of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase and melatonin receptor type 1B immunoreactivity between young adult and aged canine spinal cord

Melatonin affects diverse physiological functions through its receptor and plays an important role in the central nervous system. In the present study, we compared immunoreactivity patterns of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), an enzyme essential for melatonin synthesis, and melatonin receptor type 1B (MT2) in the spinal cord of young adult (2~3 years) and aged (10~12 years) beagle dogs using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. AANAT-specific immunoreactivity was observed in the nuclei of spinal neurons, and was significantly increased in aged dog spinal neurons compared to young adult spinal neurons. MT2-specific immunoreactivity was found in the cytoplasm of spinal neurons, and was predominantly increased in the margin of the neuron cytoplasm in aged spinal cord compared to that in the young adult dogs. These increased levels of AANAT and MT2 immunoreactivity in aged spinal cord might be a feature of normal aging and associated with a feedback mechanism that compensates for decreased production of melatonin during aging.     

一种新型二维条码电子耳标在商品猪数字化养殖中的应用

详细阐述了自动识别技术的各种形式。结合当前商品猪养殖的具体情况,本着经济、耐用、实用和对畜产品个体妨碍最小的原则,采用当前比较常用的Grid Matrix码,制作了一种新型二维条码的电子耳标作为畜产品的标签身份号码,为商品猪数字化养殖可溯源管理系统的实现奠定了基础。