河南省森林碳储量及动态变化研究

利用河南省1949—2003年间8次森林资源清查资料,建立不同优势树种生物量与蓄积量之间的回归方程,对河南省54a来森林的碳储量进行了推算。结果表明:河南省54a间森林的总碳储量虽然存在一定的波动现象,但总体呈上升的趋势。全省森林的总碳储量由1949年的2 863.91万t C增加到2003年的4 673.43万t C,共增加1 809.52万t C,年均增加33.51万t C。阔叶林占全省各时期森林总碳储量的80%以上,栎类和杨树两个树种占主导地位。河南森林幼、中龄林占的比重较大。全省森林平均碳密度为22.86~23.64t C/hm2,远低于全国、世界的平均水平。     

Nonrandom distribution of chum salmon stocks in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific Ocean estimated using mitochondrial DNA microarray

More than 1,000 age-identified chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta collected at 23 stations in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific Ocean in June to July 2003 were used to estimate their origin of stocks using a DNA microarray developed for analyzing the mitochondrial (mt)DNA haplotypes. The observed haplotype distribution was nearly the same as that reported previously for fish collected in September 2002 and 2003 in the present surveyed areas. A conditional maximum-likelihood method for estimation of stock compositions indicated that the Japanese stocks mainly distributed in north central Bering Sea, whereas the Russian stocks were mainly in western Bering Sea. The North American stocks were abundant in eastern Bering Sea and around the Aleutian Islands. Such an area-specific stock composition was not significantly different between mature and immature fish. Thus, the combined results of 2 years suggest that the distribution of chum salmon is nonrandom in the surveyed areas in summer and autumn, and that fish of the same origin migrate together to the same area irrespective of age.     

Investigating patterns of straying and mixed stock exploitation of sea trout,Salmo trutta,in rivers sharing an estuary in south‐west England

For effective management, information on the stock composition of a fishery is essential. Here, the utility of a resident trout, Salmon trutta L, microsatellite baseline to determine the origins of sea trout entering the rivers Tamar, Tavy and Lynher in south‐west England is highlighted – all share a common estuary and have major runs of sea trout. There is a high degree of geographical structuring of the genetic variation in the baseline rivers. Testing with simulated and real data sets showed fish can be assigned to reporting group with a high degree of accuracy. Mixed stock analysis of >1000 sea trout showed that fish entering the Tamar and Tavy constituted mixed stocks. Significantly, in the Tamar, non‐natal origin sea trout are restricted to the lower catchment. As well as providing insight into sea trout behaviour, this study also has important implications for the management of recreational rod and line fisheries.     

典型海域生境修复与生物资源养护研究进展与展望

海洋牧场建设是实现我国近海渔业资源恢复、生态系统和谐发展与蓝碳增汇的重要途径。近年来,在快速发展的同时也面临着诸多问题与挑战,极大制约了产业的健康发展。在海洋牧场建设过程中,关于生境营造和资源增殖的基础理论薄弱,对其生态系统稳定性与抗干扰能力认识不清,尤其对小尺度海洋牧场生态系统的结构及其功能实现过程,以及生态承载力知之甚少。亟需针对其人工鱼礁等生境营造的环境效应和增殖放流的资源补充效应开展理论印证和定量研究,以充分认识这些人为扰动的双重性。本文查阅了相关文献90余篇,简要回顾了国内外关于人工鱼礁生境营造的水动力环境特征、生源要素迁移过程、生物群落构建机制和局地生态系统稳定性评价等方面的研究进展。强调了小尺度海洋牧场生态系统结构的复杂性与动态性,重点关注了鱼礁群布局对牧场海域水动力环境、沉积物和生源要素演变的影响,以及在增殖放流等人为扰动下生物群落的物种共存机制。围绕海洋牧场生态系统稳定性与抗干扰能力等关键问题,从水动力驱动、生源要素表征、生物群落重建及生态系统健康等4个方面探讨了目前研究的不足与发展方向,以为海洋牧场人工鱼礁、海藻床等生境营造以及资源修复模式优化提供参考。

     

鱼类标志放流步骤的优选及其在黄鳍棘鲷中的应用

鱼类标志放流过程中,关键细节缺失参考依据易导致标志鱼因标志操作不规范而死亡(或导致标志脱落),从而影响基于标志群体抽样的增殖效果评估、放流群体时空格局等后续研究的准确性。本研究以南海重要增殖放流鱼类黄鳍棘鲷为对象,采用多因素方差分析对比了标志过程中关键操作(标志前麻醉与否、标志部位、植入角度)的生长率、存活率、标志保留率的差异。40 d的实验结果显示,不同标志操作对鱼的生长无显著影响。麻醉与否对实验鱼的存活率影响极显著。标志部位、植入角度对标志保留率影响显著。优选出的最佳标志操作组合为麻醉,将T型标志以45°植入背鳍基前部肌肉(存活率95.56%、标志保留率98.89%)。综合以往资料,本研究提出了黄鳍棘鲷[体长(10.05±0.39)cm]T型标志操作规范建议,为今后科学开展标志放流提供参考依据:①标志前暂养,将待标志鱼放入培育池内暂养3 d或以上,标志前24 h停食;②材料消毒,将T型标志和标志枪针头用75%酒精浸泡消毒5 min;③麻醉,用30 mg/L丁香酚溶液(或MS-222麻醉剂)麻醉至鱼体腹部向上翻转时,迅速进行标志;④标志,用标志枪针头拨去标志部位的1个鳞片,然后针头与鱼体呈45°将T型标志植入背鳍基前部肌肉;⑤鱼体消毒,将标志鱼放入含有5%聚维酮碘(或高锰酸钾)的海水溶液中药浴消毒30 min;⑥标志后暂养,消毒后的标志鱼人工暂养7 d后可放流。     

Where do you think you’re going? Accounting for ontogenetic and climate‐induced movement in spatially stratified integrated population assessment models

Understanding spatial population structure and biocomplexity is critical for determining a species’ resilience to environmental and anthropogenic perturbations. However, integrated population models (IPMs) used to develop management advice for harvested populations have been slow to incorporate spatial dynamics. Therefore, limited research has been devoted to understanding the reliability of movement parameter estimation in spatial population models, especially for spatially dynamic marine fish populations. We implemented a spatial simulation–estimation framework that emulated a generic marine fish metapopulation to explore the impact of ontogenetic movement and climate‐induced distributional shifts between two populations. The robustness of spatially stratified IPMs was explored across a range of movement parametrizations, including ignoring connectivity or estimating movement with various levels of complexity. Ignoring connectivity was detrimental to accurate estimation of population‐specific biomass, while implementing spatial IPMs with intermediate levels of complexity (e.g. estimating movement in two‐year and two‐age blocks) performed best when no a priori information about underlying movement was available. One‐way distributional shifts mimicking climate‐induced poleward migrations presented the greatest estimation difficulties, but the incorporation of auxiliary information on connectivity (e.g. tag‐recapture data) reduced bias. The continued development of spatially stratified modelling approaches should allow harvested resources to be better utilized without increased risk. Additionally, expanded collection and incorporation of unique spatially explicit data will enhance the robustness of IPMs in the future.     

以英国青年就业项目为鉴论我国高校社工学生就业项目

我国高校社会工作专业自1989年北大开班以来,全国各高校设立的社会工作专业本硕班培育大批的社工人才,但在就业方面却遭遇冷门,这与我国就业环境及政府的政策有很大的关联。虽然近些年,社工队伍不断壮大,但是人才流失很严重,特别是高校社工人才选择在本专业发展的比例很少。在此,本文借鉴英国成功的就业项目和现阶段政府购买服务项目,探讨了二者的结合谈社工就业及以此为主的项目的策划。     

基于复合种群的阿根廷滑柔鱼资源评估和管理策略评价

以西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼为例,利用基于贝叶斯统计方法的Schaefer模型分单一种群和复合种群2种种群方案,对其资源量进行评估,并对其管理策略做了风险分析。研究表明,年渔获量数据和资源丰度指数数据为贝叶斯资源评估模型提供了足够多的信息。单一种群方案和复合种群方案下的模型参数的预测值及估算的最大可持续产量接近,单一种群方案下的捕捞死亡率低于限制参考点F_(lim),复合种群方案下的南部种群存在捕捞死亡率大于限制参考点F_(lim)的年份,但随着捕捞死亡率的减小资源量恢复到良好水平。决策分析表明,在单一种群方案和复合种群方案下,当收获率设定为0.3及以下时,资源能够保持在可持续利用的良好水平,保守的管理策略可将收获率设定在0.2至0.3,相应的持续渔获量为80万t左右。     

基于海表面温度SST的剩余产量模型评估太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群资源

选择5—9月的平均海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)作为环境因子,采用Schaefer模型和Fox模型对太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群渔获量进行评价。假设ΔU(观测和预测单位捕捞努力量渔获量残差)是由SST引起的,从而将SST引入太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群的评估模型中。根据1960年以来太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群渔业整体发展情况,以1993和2003年为界对1985—2014年的总渔获量进行分段分析,分别为:1985—1993年、1994—2002年和2003—2014年。根据是否引入SST和引入SST后是否分段,分别构建了3个Schaefer模型和3个Fox模型。结果显示,分段Schaefer model-SST的拟合效果最好,ΔU与SST显著负线性相关(P0.05),渔获量在18～23℃会随温度升高而降低。建议:模型建立过程中应根据不同时间段的情况不同而进行分段分析,这样可以提高拟合效果;用分段Schaefer model-SST对未来渔获量进行评估,以期对相关资源管理起到一定的借鉴意义。     

地方政府发展现代农业对策探讨

地方政府在农业发展中有重要的作用,为了更好地彰显地方政府在现代农业发展中的功能,克服市场失灵的缺陷,积极引导市场健康、良性发展,根据现代农业发展所存在的问题,对地方政府如何发展现代农业提出一些策略性建议,为发展现代农业提供参考。