草甘膦对巴西橡胶树芽接苗叶片莽草酸和4种激素含量的影响

为探究草甘膦诱导橡胶树芽接苗叶片畸变的作用机理,以巴西橡胶树品种‘热研7-33-97’芽接苗为材料,喷施188 g a.i/hm2的草甘膦剂量,分析芽接苗不同形态叶片莽草酸和4种激素含量变化规律。结果表明：莽草酸积累量在草甘膦施药前后呈显著差异,当叶片出现半黄半绿表型时,莽草酸积累量较未施药前上升12.40%,而在2种再生畸形叶(叶片长度＜7 cm和＞7 cm)和恢复叶时分别下降75.01%、77.48%和62.69%;喷施草甘膦后各类型叶片生长素和赤霉素的含量均与未施药前对照叶片差异不显著,脱落酸和玉米素含量较对照差异显著,半黄半绿叶片脱落酸含量较未施药对照下降12.40%,玉米素较施药前下降33.54%;2种再生畸形叶出现后,脱落酸含量较未施药前分别升高30.40%和45.61%,玉米素分别升高41.48%和86.02%。说明莽草酸和植物激素共同调节着橡胶树的生长,且影响了橡胶树叶片畸形。     

AMINO ACID APPLICATION CAN BE AN ALTERNATIVE TO PREVENT GLYPHOSATE INJURY IN GLYPHOSATE-RESISTANT SOYBEANS

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybeans have continuously increased; however, this expansion significantly increased the use of glyphosate and therefore, in some cases, has resulted in injury symptoms observed in GR soybean, known as “yellow flashing”. Previous reports of interference of glyphosate with nutrient availability and utilization by GR soybean may be linked to this injury symptom. Also, because glyphosate interferes with amino acid synthesis, supplementation with exogenous amino acids may help GR soybean recover from adverse effects of glyphosate. Therefore, an experiment was designed to evaluate different amino acid concentrations. Near-isogenic and GR soybean varieties were grown in the greenhouse in two soils with and without glyphosate at different rates and amino acids were foliarly applied with and without glyphosate. In general, the photosynthetic variables, nutrient contents, and shoot and root dry biomass parameters were affected by glyphosate, however, use of amino acid formulations suppressed harmful effects of glyphosate on these parameters.     

一株草甘膦高效降解菌的筛选和表征研究

为研究利用细菌微生物降解草甘膦农药污染,从沈阳某地区农田土壤中分离得到一株草甘膦高效降解菌Ensifer sp. BRY。基于16S rDNA检测,BRY被鉴定为剑菌属(Ensifer sp.)。BRY能在以草甘膦(最高浓度400 mg·L-1)为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中生长,在50 h对300 mg·L-1草甘膦的降解率可达到69.60%。在30℃、pH 6.0、10%初始接种量时,菌株BRY在50 h内的草甘膦(100 mg·L-1)降解率达到91.93%,当相同条件下调节初始接种量为20%时,菌株BRY的草甘膦降解率升高。当培养体系加入其他碳源(葡萄糖、蔗糖)时,草甘膦降解率降低。菌株BRY对不同浓度草甘膦的降解过程符合Haldane方程,其最大比生长速率μmax为1.68 h-1,半饱和常数Ks为167.80 mg·L-1,抑制常数Ksi为50.55 mg·L-1,Ksi/Ks为0.30。研究表明,菌株BRY对草甘膦具有较高的耐受能力和降解能力,通过优化培养条件可以提高降解效率,在用于草甘膦污染环境的生物修复过程中,菌株BRY具有独特潜力。     

Integrated pest management and weed management in the United States and Canada

There is interest in more diverse weed management tactics because of evolved herbicide resistance in important weeds in many US and Canadian crop systems. While herbicide resistance in weeds is not new, the issue has become critical because of the adoption of simple, convenient and inexpensive crop systems based on genetically engineered glyphosate‐tolerant crop cultivars. Importantly, genetic engineering has not been a factor in rice and wheat, two globally important food crops. There are many tactics that help to mitigate herbicide resistance in weeds and should be widely adopted. Evolved herbicide resistance in key weeds has influenced a limited number of growers to include a more diverse suite of tactics to supplement existing herbicidal tactics. Most growers still emphasize herbicides, often to the exclusion of alternative tactics. Application of integrated pest management for weeds is better characterized as integrated weed management, and more typically integrated herbicide management. However, adoption of diverse weed management tactics is limited. Modifying herbicide use will not solve herbicide resistance in weeds, and the relief provided by different herbicide use practices is generally short‐lived at best. More diversity of tactics for weed management must be incorporated in crop systems. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

耐草甘膦杂草的研究现状

草甘膦是目前世界上用量最大、应用范围最广的农药,因为在转基因抗草甘膦作物田中过度依赖其除草,耐草甘膦杂草将演替成优势种群。耐受性杂草不但增加了杂草防除难度和成本,而且还会导致在农田生态系统中因过量使用草甘膦而出现一系列生态风险问题。本文通过对草甘膦特性、耐草甘膦杂草现状和耐受机制等进行较系统的总结和分析,以期为我国未来抗除草剂作物商业化种植后制定杂草治理策略奠定基础,也为草甘膦在转基因作物田高效安全地使用提供理论依据。     

草甘膦在空心莲子草中的吸收与传导作用研究

为了利用草甘膦防除空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb）,应用分光光度法研究了草甘膦在空心莲子草植株不同部位和不同生长期的吸收与传导特性。结果表明,草甘膦在空心莲子草的第四对叶处理时吸收和传导最快,且主要表现为向下传导。