基于产业价值链视角的浙江体育产业发展研究*

随着经济的发展,体育本身所蕴含的经济功能与价值被人们所认同。体育产业作为朝阳产业,在促进经济发展方式转变、产业结构调整、扩大就业、改善民生等方面具有重要作用,是当今第三产业的重要组成部分。浙江体育产业经历了从无到有待以逐步发展壮大。体育表演业、体育健身业、体育培训业等均已取得相当规模的发展,但整体来看,浙江体育产业目前尚处于初级发展阶段。将于2022年在浙江杭州举办的亚运会必将给浙江的体育产业链带来冲击,这既是挑战也是一次难得的发展机遇。以产业价值链为理论依据,釆用了文献资料法、访谈法、逻辑分析法和实地考察等方法,从产业价值链的视角研究浙江省体育产业的发展规律、存在的问题和影响机制。研究结果显示,浙江省体育产业价值链的构建和整合,提高了其产业活力和竞争力,为促进浙江体育产业健康发展提供理论和实践依据。同时,有利于完善我国体育产业理论研究基础,完善体育产业理论研究框架体系,丰富体育产业研究的视角。     

A proof of concept study to assess the potential of PCR testing to detect natural Mycobacterium bovis infection in South American camelids

Background

Cases of Mycobacterium bovis infection South American camelids have been increasing in Great Britain. Current antemortem immunological tests have some limitations. Cases at post mortem examination frequently show extensive pathology. The feasibility of detecting Mycobacterium bovis DNA in clinical samples was investigated.

Findings

A sensitive extraction methodology was developed and used on nasal swabs and faeces taken post-mortem to assess the potential for a PCR test to detect Mycobacterium bovis in clinical samples. The gross pathology of the studied South American camelids was scored and a significantly greater proportion of South American camelids with more severe pathology were positive in both the nasal swab and faecal PCR tests. A combination of the nasal swab and faecal PCR tests detected 63.9% of all the South American camelids with pathology that were tested.

Conclusions

The results suggest that antemortem diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in South American camelids may be possible using a PCR test on clinical samples, however more work is required to determine sensitivity and specificity, and the practicalities of applying the test in the field.     

可视化核酸试纸条法快速检测松材线虫

建立了快速、可视化检测松材线虫的方法,分别设计一对特异性引物和一条竞争引物,其中上、下游引物的5'端分别修饰有生物素(biotin)和荧光素(FITC);通过试验筛选并确定了竞争引物的最适比例从而避免核酸试纸条检测扩增产物的假阳性结果,实现了松材线虫的可视化检测.该技术具有操作便利、特异性强、灵敏度高,结果直观、稳定、可靠等优点,在口岸检验检疫实验室快速鉴定松材线虫方面具有良好的应用前景.     

Two subpopulations of Colletotrichum acutatum are responsible for anthracnose in strawberry and leatherleaf fern in Costa Rica

Strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and leatherleaf fern, Rumohra adiantiformis, are two important crops in Costa Rica. One of the most severe diseases affecting these crops is anthracnose, caused by members of the fungal genus, Colletotrichum (teleomorph; Glomerella). Eighty single-spore isolates from strawberry and leatherleaf fern were identified as Colletotrichum acutatum by species-specific PCR, and were further characterised by Universally Primed PCR (UP-PCR) fingerprinting analysis, and sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Morphological differences, genotypic variation revealed by UP-PCR fingerprinting analysis, and a single sequence polymorphism within the ITS2 region were found between the isolates from strawberry and leatherleaf fern, respectively. The UPGMA cluster analysis of the fingerprints clearly separated the isolates derived from strawberry and leatherleaf fern into two different clusters. Pathogenicity assays on detached strawberry fruits confirmed the apparent difference between the two groups of isolates. It is therefore suggested that the pathogens responsible for strawberry anthracnose fruit rot and leatherleaf fern anthracnose in Costa Rica, belong to two distinct subpopulations of C. acutatum.     

转基因植物重组DNA和表达蛋白的环境分子行为

转基因植物的安全性已经在全球范围内引起了普遍关注。本文从分子水平上就转基因植物的重组DNA在环境中的降解动态、转基因植物重组DNA在生物体内的传递、转基因植物杀虫蛋白在环境中的降解及在食物链间的传递等有关研究进展作一简要介绍。     

Differentiation of two powdery mildews of sunflower (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus annuus</Emphasis>) by a PCR-mediated method based on ITS sequences

Powdery mildew can be found in most sunflower fields during the winter season in Taiwan and causes severe yellowing on the blade, petiole, stem, and calyx, as well as serious defoliation. Two types of powdery mildew fungi isolated from sunflower leaves showed variable status for fibrosin bodies. But only the cleistothecium of Podosphaera xanthii, one of the pathogens causing this disease, was observed on samples from Chungpu County at the beginning of 2005. With a species-specific primer pair, PN23/PN34, no specific PCR product was amplified from the pathogen’s genomic DNA. Based upon the ITS sequence of rDNA, three PCR primer sets (S1/S2, G1/G2, and L1/L2) specific to P. xanthii, Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Leveillula taurica, respectively, were designed to detect and differentiate pathogens causing powdery mildews on sunflower. Only the primer pairs S1/S2 and G1/G2 could amplify PCR products, with product sizes of 454 and 391 bp, respectively. Four samples of fungal DNA were subjected to a multiplex PCR amplification with primer pairs S1/S2 and G1/G2; P. xanthii and G. cichoracearum were successfully detected. These results suggest that the multiplex PCR method is a rapid, simple, and effective technique to detect and differentiate powdery mildews, for example P. xanthii and G. cichoracearum, found on sunflower. With morphologic characteristics, ITS sequence analysis and pathogenicity testing, P. xanthii and G. cichoracearum, the first case, are two powdery mildews on sunflower in Taiwan.     

Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of defence induced in pea by Rhizobium leguminosarum against Orobanche crenata

Orobanche species (broomrapes) are parasitic weeds which dramatically decrease the yields of many economically important dicotyledonous crops, including pea (Pisum sativum), in Mediterranean areas. Previously, we identified some Rhizobium leguminosarum strains, including P.SOM, which could both promote pea development and significantly reduce infection by Orobanche crenata, notably through induction of necrosis of attached parasites. In the present study, induced resistance against broomrape in the nodulated pea was shown to be associated with significant changes in rates of oxidative lipoxygenase (Lox) and phenylpropanoid/isoflavonoid pathways and in accumulation of derived toxins, including phenolics and pisatin (pea phytoalexin). Changes were followed for 5 weeks after inoculation and attack by Orobanche. In contrast to non‐inoculated plants or Orobanche only infected plants, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and hydrogen peroxide content increased in response to bacteria inoculation indicating the involvement of oxidative processes. In parallel, the nodulated roots displayed high Lox activity related to the overexpression of the lox1 gene. Similarly, the expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 6a‐hydroxymaackiain 3‐O‐methyltransferase (Hmm6a) genes were induced early during nodule development, suggesting the central role of the phenylpropanoid/isoflavonoid pathways in the elicited defence. As a consequence, the derived products, phenolics and pisatin, accumulated in response to rhizobacteria and conferred mechanical and chemical barriers to the invading parasite. These results highlight the likely role of signalling pathways in induced resistance and suggest these mechanisms should be enhanced through integrated Orobanche management practices.     

转Bt基因作物对植物—害虫—天敌食物链的影响

种植转Bt基因作物已经成为当前及未来农业的发展趋势。转Bt基因作物可以有效控制棉铃虫（〖WTBX〗Helicoverpa armigera〖WTBZ〗）、玉米螟（〖WTBX〗Ostrinia furnacalis〖WTBZ〗）等多种靶标害虫。但研究表明Bt作物的种植会改变害虫演化地位,并且Bt毒素可能沿着食物链传递,而对天敌构成潜在的威胁。基于Bt作物对植物—害虫—天敌食物链上各个营养级的影响研究,本文重点分析了Bt毒素对天敌种群结构及生物学的影响。     

基于WSN的北美冬青鲜切枝冷链全过程监测系统

为了保证北美冬青鲜切枝冷链物流过程中的品质,提高冷链物流过程的可追溯性和透明度,以433MHz为发射频率,温湿度和气体环境为关键参数,设计了面向北美冬青鲜切枝冷链物流的无线实时监测系统。系统包括从传感器节点、主传感器节点和远程监测系统。从传感器节点集成了温湿度传感器、CO2传感器和乙烯传感器,主传感器节点用于建立和维护无线传感网络和汇集数据,远程监测系统用于远程实时监控。同时,对传感器节点的标定、准确性和功耗进行测试,并且将该系统应用于北美冬青冷链实地监测。结果表明,监测系统能够很好地应用于北美冬青存储和运输全过程,且能够稳定、准确地监测冷链环境温度、相对湿度、CO2和乙烯体积分数等关键参数的变化过程,有效反映了北美冬青鲜切枝的品质变化。     

牛羊养殖场剩料收集机设计与试验

针对目前我国牛羊养殖场饲喂过程中饲喂通道存在剩余饲料的问题,设计一种代替人工收集剩余饲料的剩料收集机。该机主要由盘刷、收料装置、输送装置、集料箱等部件组成。收集机通过前端的盘刷,将剩料清扫到收集机的清扫方向上,再利用圆柱刮板、螺旋圆柱刷、两侧绞龙将剩料输送到吸口处,利用链条、刮板将剩料输送到剩料箱。重点对盘刷清扫装置、螺旋圆柱刷、螺旋集料机构、链条刮板机构和液压系统等关键部分进行设计计算,确定盘刷的旋转速度为150 r/min,螺旋圆柱刷的转速为80 r/min,螺旋绞龙的转速为60 r/min,剩料收集机的前进速度为5 km/h。在实际试验中,剩料收集率均在96%以上,平均收集率达到97%,收集机收料效果良好,达到牧场的使用要求,验证了本设计的正确性。