Mycorrhizae activity and diversity in conventional and organic apple orchards from Brazil

The aim of this study was to characterize the impacts of a conventional, an organic apple orchard and a native grassland on the activity and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) located at the south of Brazil during winter and summer. AMF activity was measured by the mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP), mycorrhizal fungal hyphal length (HL), easily extractable and total Bradford-reactive soil protein (BRSP). AMF diversity was represented by richness, Shannon diversity index and number of spores. Orchards reduced the MIP of the soil and increased the HL when compared to the grassland site. The amount of easily extractable BRSP was not different among orchards and between seasons evaluated, with overall mean value of 1.23 mg g⁻¹. However, the amount of total-BRSP was smaller in the conventional orchard (4.55 mg g⁻¹) than in the organic orchard (4.91 mg g⁻¹) and in the native grassland (5.12 mg g⁻¹). T-BRSP and total organic carbon were strongly correlated in the grassland during the winter, suggesting the contribution of this protein for carbon stocks in the native soil of this region. The organic orchard presented the highest AMF richness, but sporulation and Shannon diversity index were larger in the conventional orchard. Our data suggest that the conventional orchard promoted higher impacts on the natural condition of AMF activity, being considered an unadvisable practice to soil conservation.     

河北省农作物生产投入品碳排放变化特征

基于2010-2018年河北省农资投入、农作物产量、耕地面积和农作物播种面积等统计数据,计算河北省农作物生产投入品碳排放,分析河北省农作物生产投入品碳排放的动态变化和不同投入品碳排放所占比例,为农业生产节能减排,实现低碳农业提供理论依据。结果表明,2010-2018年河北省农作物生产投入品碳排放以2015年为转折点,呈现先上升后下降的趋势。研究期内河北省农作物生产碳排放总量、单位产量碳排放量和单位耕地面积碳排放量分别为2219万～2674万tCO₂eq、0.21～0.30tCO₂eq·t^-1和3.40～4.10tCO₂eq·hm^-2。2018年河北省农作物生产碳排放总量、单位产量碳排放量和单位耕地面积碳排放量最低,分别比最高值降低17.0%、30.0%和17.0%。化肥、农药、农膜、柴油和灌溉用电9a平均碳排放量占比分别为38.6%、2.1%、11.5%、34.7%和13.1%。化肥和柴油是最主要的农业碳排放源,占比均在30%以上。农作物生产投入品碳排放的动态变化受国家政策影响...     

桂元干的工厂化生产

传统的桂元干生产工艺花工费时,劳动强度大,烘焙温度不均,热效率低,品质不稳定。作者采用桂元干生产新工艺为仙游县果蔬综合食品厂设计了桂元干生产车间,使新工艺由实验室转化为工厂化规模生产。新工艺的操作要点是:原料预处理、清洗、化学去蜡、初烘、回潮、分级、复烘、冷却、包装、入库。关键设备是蒸汽烘房,关键技术是化学去蜡和烘焙时间与温度的控制。烘干过程是一个较为复杂的物料脱水过程,烘干规律也较复杂,作者用简化方法计算烘干过程,与生产实际相当接近。用新工艺生产的桂元干,在外观和品质上都优于传统工艺,可以推广。     

安徽省烟叶生产现状及发展对策

阐述了安徽省烟叶生产的现状,对烟叶生产的政策、自然、经济、技术环境进行了分析,指出其存在的主要问题,并从可持续发展的角度提出了相应的解决对策。     

Interaction of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize with extractable soil phosphorus levels and nitrogen-potassium fertilizers

Summary A field experiment was conducted for 3 years to determine whether increasing extractable soil P levels would affect vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) of maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent uptake of P and production of dry matter. Five levels of extractable soil P were established on an Aquic Dystrochrept soil with high and low NK fertilization. The results show that as extractable soil-P levels increase the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize decrease, but P concentrations in both leaf and root tissue increase. There was a significant interaction between the extractable soil-P levels and NK treatment. At the low soil-P level NK fertilization increased mycorrhizae, while at the high soil-P levels NK fertilization reduced mycorrhizae. Dry-matter production generally paralleled extractable soil-P levels from 1.0 mg P kg^–1 to a maximum at 10 mg P kg^–1 soil (by ammonium acetate, pH 4.8). The reduction in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae at the highest levels of extractable soil P apparently was not critical to either P uptake or dry-matter production.Scientific contribution No. 1196 Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station     

控制中国非点源污染的生物经济学战略

While non-point pollution from agriculture has become an increasingly serious problem in China, some progress has been made in studying the causal biophysical processes. However, few studies have assessed the economic consequences of non-point pollution in China or the policy options that could be employed to combat it. In this work a sustainable strategy to control non-point pollution from crop production, which involved taxing excessive inputs of irrigation water and fertilizer, was proposed. The approach taken to assess these measures combined biophysical and economic models,having a trade-off between economic returns and an improved environment. A proven and practical spatially referenced water and nutrient management model was used to determine the quantities of excessive irrigation water and fertilizer for specific soil and land use. Also, a set of indicators were proposed for evaluating the effects of agricultural economic output and agricultural practices on the environment.     

建设江西优质粮仓确保国家粮食安全

江西省是我国13个国家粮食生产基地之一,是保证50年不断为国家提供商品粮的重要省份。为进一步发挥江西省粮食生产潜力,向国家提供更多的商品粮,本文根据多年的研究结果,针对江西省粮食生产的战略地位,建设优质粮仓的资源潜力与关键问题,提出建设优质粮仓的有关建议,供有关方面参考。     

Carbon dioxide emissions and net primary production of Russian terrestrial ecosystems

 Determination of the C balance is of considerable importance when forecasting climate and environmental changes. Soil respiration and biological productivity of ecosystems (net primary production; NPP) are the basic components of the terrestrial C cycle. In this study, a previously made assessment of the annual CO₂ flux from Russian soils was improved upon. CO₂ emissions from Russian soils during the growing period were shown to represent, on average, 53–82% of the annual CO₂ flux from Russian soils. The total annual CO₂ flux from Russian soils was estimated at 4.50 Gt C (C source). The NPP of Russian ecosystems was estimated at 4.81 Gt C year^–1 (C sink). Our calculations showed values of CO₂ emissions and the C sink to be very close. This shows that, in general, terrestrial ecosystems are under steady state. Received: 1 December 1997     

Oxidation of methane in the rhizosphere of rice plants

Oxidation of CH₄ in the rhizosphere of rice plants was quantified using (1) methyl fluoride, a specific inhibitor of CH₄ oxidation, and (2) measuring changes in plant-mediated CH₄ emission after incubation under air, N₂, or 40% O₂. No significant rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation was observed from rice plants in the ripening stage. CH₄ emission from rice plants 1 week before panicle initiation increased by 40% if CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere was blocked. The growth stage of the rice plant is an important factor determining the rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. Fluctuation of rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation during the growing season may help to explain the observed seasonal CH₄ emission patterns in field studies. Measurements from four rice varieties showed that one variety, Pokkali, had higher rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. This was probably because Pokkali was in an earlier growth stage than the other three varieties. Both in the early and in the late growth stages, incubation under N₂ caused a much stronger CH₄ flux than inhibition of CH₄ oxidation alone. Apparently, N₂ incubation not only blocked CH₄ oxidation but also stimulated methanogenesis in the rhizosphere. Incubation under a higher O₂ atmosphere (40% O₂) than ambient air decreased the CH₄ flux, suggesting that increasing the oxidation of the rice rhizosphere may help in reducing CH₄ fluxes from rice agriculture. The O₂ pressure in the rhizosphere is an important factor that reduces the plant-mediated CH₄ flux. However, inhibition of methanogenesis in the rhizosphere may contribute more to CH₄ flux reduction than rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation.     

Growth responses and foliar sensitivities of native herbaceous species to ozone exposures

This paper reports on open-top chamber studies investigating the effects of different O₃ exposures on native herbaceous plant species. Plants were grown up from seeds, potted into natural soils and exposed to near-ambient O₃ levels during one growing season. A wide range of visible symptoms was apparent during the exposures. Species such as Rumex obtusifolius, Senecio vulgaris or Sonchus asper showed leaf colorations (e.g. reddish pigmentation) that probably indicate a non-specific stress response. In other species especially of the genera Malva and Cirsium the symptoms produced by O₃ appeared to be similar to those characteristic for O₃-specific foliar injury (stippling, flecking). In almost all species tested, O₃ caused premature leaf senescence, which was sometimes associated with premature leaf abscission. However, earlier senescence did not necessarily result in changes in plant growth. Of all species tested, Malva sylvestris was found to be the most sensitive in terms of growth reduction and lower seed production.