内蒙古土地利用现状及其经济效益分析

内蒙古自治区东西跨度大,气候区域差异显著,土地资源类型多样,土地利用方式及土地产出水平有自己的特点。利用2000年的TM影像,分析土地利用现状、结构、布局特点,并进行土地经济效益分析,总结出土地利用结构不合理,地区差异显著,产出水平低的结论。     

GIS技术在黄土高原退耕还林草工程中的应用

坡耕地退耕还林 (草 )是我国黄土高原地区、特别是黄土丘陵沟壑区实施水土保持和生态环境建设的基本方法之一 ,如何快速了解区域土地利用现状是实施这一工程的关键所在 ,传统的统计法和图上量算法均无法满足科学高效的要求。结合黄土丘陵沟壑区地形特点 ,研究并探讨了应用 GIS技术实现该地区土地利用状况快速清查的工作过程及关键技术 ,以期为在全区实现土地资源调查、规划、管理的科学化、自动化、标准化提供可供借鉴的方法和依据     

Temporal changes of resource use,soil fertility and economic situation in upland Northwest Vietnam

Agricultural land in lowland Vietnam is scarce due to population growth. Hence, cultivation is increasingly practised on the steep upland slopes. Factors affecting resource use, soil fertility and household economics were studied in six villages of the Black Thai ethnic group in northwest Vietnam. Farmers were interviewed about their individual household situation. Yield development of major crops and cropping patterns in upland cultivation over the last 50 years were recorded in group discussions. In addition, soil fertility was analysed on different land‐use units. Formerly predominant upland rice changed to maize and cassava production at present. Decreasing soil fertility and a shift from subsistence to market‐oriented production, facilitated by new maize varieties and better access to markets are major causes. The Black Thai farmers economy has improved in recent years. The decline in soil fertility is concealed by higher maize yields from new varieties, and soil fertility conservation ranks low among farmers' priorities. The improved economy of the individual households might be of short duration if farmers cannot be sensitized to new resource management options. These have to be developed in line with farmers' priorities and the fragile environment of Vietnam's uplands. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rehabilitation of a lignite mine‐disturbed area in the Indian desert

Extensive lignite mining in the Indian (Thar) Desert commenced within the past decade. Accompanying extraction of this valuable resource there have been visible, important environmental impacts. The resultant land degradation has prompted concern from both public and regulatory bodies. This research assesses the success of rehabilitation plans implemented to revegetate a lignite mine‐disturbed area, near the village of Giral in western Rajasthan State. Rehabilitation success was achieved within the environmental constraints of this northwest Indian hot‐desert ecosystem using a combination of: (1) backfilling (abandoned pits) with minespoil and of covering the backfilled‐surfaces with fresh topsoil to a thickness of about 0·30 m; (2) use of micro‐catchment rainwater harvesting (MCWH) technique; (3) soil profile modification approaches; (4) plant establishment methodologies; and (5) the selection of appropriate germplasm material (trees, shrubs and grasses). Preliminary results indicate that the resulting vegetative cover will be capable of self‐perpetuation under natural conditions while at the same time meeting the land‐use requirements of the local people. The minespoil is alkaline in nature and has high electrical conductance. The average content of organic carbon, N, P and K is lower than in the regional topsoil. However, the concentration of Ca, Mg, Na and total S in the minespoil is much higher than in the topsoil. Further, the spoil material has no biological activity. Enhanced plant growth was achieved in MCWH plots, compared to control plots, where minespoil moisture storage was improved by 18–43 per cent. The rehabilitation protocol used at the site appears to have been successful because, in addition to the planted species, desirable native invasive species have become established. This study developed methods for the rehabilitation of lignite mine‐disturbed areas and has also resulted in an understanding of rehabilitation processes in arid regions with an emphasis on the long‐term monitoring of rehabilitation success. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Results of activities to maintain landraces and other material in some European countries in situ before 1945 and what we may learn from them

All three recommendations to maintain landraces in European countries, given in 1927: 1. maintenance by traditional farmers, 2. maintenance by school personnel and pupils, and 3. maintenance by small agricultural institutions, were disregarded. The present outcome: maintenance by genebanks, which often grow landraces and improved cultivars of one crop next to each other, and which often are part of a large agricultural research institute, was advised against.The above observation may be of value to those who at present advocate maintenance of landraces by traditional farmers in developing countries.It is recommended that landraces should be collected and maintained in genebanks as this will result in a partial loss of the material, whereas on farm maintenance (in situ conservation) would lead to a complete loss.     

Meeting the UK's climate change commitments: options for carbon mitigation on agricultural land

Abstract. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union is committed to an 8% reduction in CO₂ emissions, compared to baseline (1990) levels, during the first commitment period (2008–2012). However, within the overall EU agreement, the UK is committed to a 12.5% reduction. In this paper, we estimate the carbon mitigation potential of various agricultural land-management strategies (Kyoto Article 3.4) and examine the consequences of UK and European policy options on the potential for carbon mitigation.
We show that integrated agricultural land management strategies have considerable potential for carbon mitigation. Our figures suggest the following potentials (Tg yr⁻¹) for each scenario: animal manure, 3.7; sewage sludge, 0.3; cereal straw incorporation, 1.9; no-till farming, 3.5; agricultural extensification, 3.3; natural woodland regeneration, 3.2 and bioenergy crop production, 4.1. A realistic land-use scenario combining a number of these individual management options has a mitigation potential of 10.4 Tg C yr⁻¹ (equivalent to about 6.6% of 1990 UK CO₂-carbon emissions). An important resource for carbon mitigation in agriculture is the surplus arable land, but in order to fully exploit it, policies governing the use of surplus arable land would need to be changed. Of all options examined, bioenergy crops show the greatest potential. Bioenergy crop production also shows an indefinite mitigation potential compared to other options where the potential is infinite.
The UK will not attempt to meet its climate change commitments solely through changes in agricultural land-use, but since all sources of carbon mitigation will be important in meeting these commitments, agricultural options should be taken very seriously.     

黄河下游地区土地利用和生态系统服务价值的时空演变

基于黄河下游地区1990-2015年土地利用分类数据,运用土地利用变化动态度、土地利用转移矩阵,探究不同土地利用类型的变化程度及转移情况,运用当量因子法、热点分析、重心模型、地理探测器探究黄河下游地区县域尺度生态系统服务价值的时空演变及其空间分异。结果表明：1）耕地、草地、未利用地面积逐渐减少,建设用地面积增加,耕地是建设用地面积增加的主要贡献者,建设用地扩张存在侵占耕地的现象。2）从时间尺度看,地区生态系统服务价值逐年减少;从空间尺度看,县域尺度的高值区逐渐减少,低值区逐渐增加;从地均生态系统服务价值的变化率来看,大部分县区的地均生态系统服务价值呈现持续降低趋势。3）地均生态系统服务价值的高值区与低值区空间集聚程度明显,但有逐渐弱化的趋势;生态系统服务价值的重心始终分布在山东省郓城县,重心迁移与两地区之间生态系统服务价值变化差值有关。4）黄河下游地区县域尺度地均生态系统服务价值空间分异受自然因素和社会经济因素共同作用的影响,是不同驱动因子共同作用的结果,其中人为综合影响指数对区域生态系统服务空间分异的影响最大。     

池-田蓄引水模式改善环渤海棉田水盐运移提高棉花产量

为探明环渤海“池-田”蓄引水模式下棉田水盐运移规律对棉花生产的影响,2017和2018年4－10月对未改造棉田（CK）及模式中的台田（A）、浅层地下水抽提棉田（B）、抑盐排涝棉田（C）进行土壤水分、盐分和pH值、棉花光合指标、产量进行测定,结果表明,模式中棉田0～80 cm土层盐分和pH值显著降低,A和B棉田盐分降至3.0 g/kg左右,pH值低于8.0;C棉田盐分低于5.0 g/kg,7－8月pH值低于8.0。A棉田土壤水分、盐分和pH值最低,滴灌条件下棉花光合性能长期保持高值,光合物质积累的直线增长持续时间和活跃期最长,籽棉产量超过3 500 kg/hm2。B棉田水分0～40 cm土层高于20%,光合性能高值较长,籽棉产量超过3 000 kg/hm2。C棉花7－8月光合性能明显提高,籽棉产量超过2 500 kg/hm2。环渤海“池-田”蓄引水模式显著改善棉田水盐运移,有利于棉花生产,从而提高产量。研究可为高效开发利用滨海盐碱地提供科学模式和理论基础。     

2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空变化特征

随着居民对蔬菜消费需求的不断提高,拉萨市温室蔬菜地得到快速发展,但对温室蔬菜地格局变化过程仍缺乏清楚的认识。该研究基于2008－2018年11期拉萨市高清遥感影像,结合实地调研,采用重心转移分析、地统计分析等方法,研究了2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空格局变化特征。结果表明：1）2008－2018年,拉萨市温室蔬菜地面积总体呈波动上升趋势,年均增长率为6.93%。研究时段内,温室蔬菜地变化经历了发展、调整、稳定三个阶段,各阶段年均变化率分别为11.08%、-2.13%和0.77%。2）研究时段内,拉萨市城关区和堆龙德庆区温室蔬菜地比例下降56.2%,达孜区和曲水县温室蔬菜地比例上升51.58%,温室蔬菜地分布重心向远离城区的城郊转移,向东南方向迁移了约4 896 m。3）新增温室蔬菜地向高海拔和大坡度区域转移,海拔3 675～3 800 m范围内温室蔬菜地面积比例由22.05%上升到30.41%,坡度6°～10°区域温室蔬菜地面积占比上升5.92%。4）温室蔬菜地新增源于耕地,减少多因为建设用地扩张。蔬菜需求量大和温室蔬菜收益高是温室蔬菜地面积增加的基本动力,区域土地利用调整是温室蔬菜地格局变化的重要推动力。     

川东獐牙菜体外高效再生体系的建立

为了构建川东獐牙菜(Swertia davidii Franch.)高效稳定的再生体系,以川东獐牙菜带叶茎尖、带芽茎段和叶片为材料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过完全组合及L₉(3⁴)正交试验,探究不同激素对其离体培养的影响。结果表明,川东獐牙菜3种外植体中,叶片适宜作为间接器官发生材料,在MS+2.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA+1.5 mg·L^-1 KT培养条件下,培养7 d便可见愈伤组织从切口处产生,培养30 d后即可分化出大量丛芽;不定芽在相同培养基中培养30 d后,增殖系数可达8.75。带芽茎段则适宜直接器官发生途径,其在MS+2.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA+1.0 mg·L^-1 NAA中培养7 d后,节上腋芽开始萌动,培养30 d后腋芽发生系数可达4.06;试管苗适宜的生根培养基为MS+NAA 0.05 mg·L^-1,培养30 d后即可获得再生植株,生根率为100%;生根苗经过炼苗,移栽30 d后成活率达90%以上。在川东獐牙菜的...