齐墩果酸抑菌活性的初步研究

以20 种植物病原菌为供试菌种,采用离体抑菌活性测定法系统地测定了齐墩果酸的抑 菌谱和抑菌毒力。结果表明,齐墩果酸对多种植物病原菌具有抑制作用,对油菜菌核病菌、番茄 早疫病菌、烟草赤星病菌、白菜黑斑病菌、杨树溃疡病菌、棉花黄萎病菌和小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生 长的抑制效果高于对其它供试病原菌,其中对番茄早疫病菌和白菜黑斑病菌防效最高,其有效 中浓(EC50 值)分别为59.3 和74.0mg L-1。本研究结果为将齐墩果酸开发为植物原杀菌剂提供了 一定的理论依据。     

10种生物源杀菌剂对苹果树腐烂病菌的室内活性评价

为筛选出对苹果树腐烂病防治高效的生物源杀菌剂,采用菌丝生长速率法、分生孢子萌发法和离体枝条接种法,测定了10种生物源杀菌剂对苹果树腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制效果及其在苹果离体枝条上的保护作用。结果表明,10种供试生物源药剂对腐烂病菌均有一定的抑制效果,除3%中生菌素WP外,其他9种药剂对分生孢子萌发的抑制效果均优于对菌丝生长的抑制效果。其中,300亿·g^-1解淀粉芽孢杆菌WP、1 000亿·g^-1枯草芽孢杆菌WP和复合微生物菌剂3种药剂的室内毒力最强,对菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的EC₅₀分别为0.69、0.89、1.88、0.19、0.039μg·mL^-1和0.064μg·mL^-1。其次为0.5%氨基寡糖素AS、3%中生菌素WP、5%香芹酚AS、0.5%小檗碱AS和0.4%蛇床子素SL 5种药剂,对菌丝生长的EC₅₀为26.06～290.7μg·mL^-1,分生孢子萌发的EC₅₀为8.29～136.0μg·mL^-1。而0.3%苦参碱EC和2%农抗120AS对菌丝生长的EC₅₀均>2 000μg·mL^-1,显著>其他几种药剂,室内毒力最差。离体枝条保护试验结果表明,300亿·g^-1解淀粉芽孢杆菌WP、1 000亿·g^-1枯草芽孢杆菌WP、0.5%氨基寡糖素AS和复合微生物菌剂对离体枝条保护作用最强,其室内防效均>85%,而0.3%苦参碱EC和2%农抗120AS保护作用最差,其室内防效与其他药剂之间存在显著差异,这与室内毒力测定结果相一致。综上所述,300亿·g^-1解淀粉芽孢杆菌WP、1 000亿·g^-1枯草芽孢杆菌WP、复合微生物菌剂和0.5%氨基寡糖素AS 4种药剂可作为防治苹果树腐烂病的替代生物源杀菌剂。     

30%噻虫胺·吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂的研制 及其在花生田应用的效果

【目的】 评价30%噻虫胺·吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂对花生生长的安全性及防治花生土传病害和地下害虫的应用潜力。【方法】 制备30%噻虫胺·吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂并测定其pH、黏度、悬浮率及冷热贮稳定性与冷热贮前后的药剂粒度分布变化。在室内,以200、400、800 g a.i./100 kg种子3个剂量进行温室盆栽安全性试验,统计各处理组的出苗时间及播种后14 d花生幼苗的株高、根长、茎叶鲜重、根鲜重与植株干重等生长指标,评价药剂对花生出苗及幼苗生长的安全性。在田间,设置100、200、400 g a.i./100 kg种子3个剂量进行花生种子包衣,以25%噻虫嗪·咯菌腈·精甲霜灵悬浮种衣剂（迈舒平）为对照药剂,进行两年三地的田间药效试验。【结果】 30%噻虫胺·吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂达到GB/T17768—1999悬浮种衣剂产品标准。温室盆栽试验中,该药剂以200、400、800 g a.i./100 kg种子对花生出苗及幼苗生长安全。2016年以100、200、400 g a.i./100 kg种子3个剂量进行田间试验,药剂对花生冠腐病的防治效果分别为95.16%、97.98%、98.79%,对花生根腐病的防治效果分别为90.97%、92.26%、92.90%,对花生蚜（Aphis medicaginis）的防治效果分别为79.74%、92.48%、94.13%,且防治效果表现为随药剂剂量的增加而提高。相对于空白对照处理,药剂可以提高花生出苗率10.25%—13.21%,增加花生产量683.75—1 234.12 kg·hm ^-2。由此确定200 g a.i./100 kg种子为田间推荐剂量。2017年使用该剂量,对山东新泰和泰安两地花生冠腐病防治效果分别为81.12%与95.83%,对花生根腐病的防治效果分别为71.74%与92.93%,对地老虎(新泰)与花生茎腐病（泰安）的防治效果分别为93.33%与87.29%。与空白对照相比,在新泰试验中,出苗率提高了4.23%,产量提高了1 146.45 kg·hm ^-2;在泰安试验中,出苗率提高了10.75%,产量提高了1 715.70 kg·hm ^-2。【结论】 研发的30%噻虫胺·吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂对花生冠腐病、根腐病、茎腐病及花生蚜、地老虎均有一定的兼治效果,对花生出苗和生长安全并增加花生产量,具有较好的推广前景。     

广东花生黑腐病病原菌鉴定及防治药剂的室内毒力测定

花生黑腐病是花生的重要病害,对生产造成严重影响,被列为我国进境植物检疫性病害。为明确花生黑腐病的病原菌种类和筛选有效防治药剂,采用形态学特征与分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对花生黑腐病害进行了病原菌鉴定,同时采用菌丝生长速率法测定了8种杀菌剂对花生黑腐病菌的抑制作用。结果表明：花生黑腐病害的病原菌为冬青丽赤壳Calonectria iliciola。8种杀菌剂室内毒力测定结果显示,10%戊唑醇EC对花生黑腐病菌的毒力最强,EC₅₀值为1.12 μg/mL;300 g/L苯甲·丙环唑EC、29%吡萘嘧菌酯SC、25%咯菌腈SC、15%吡唑嘧菌酯SC和22.5%啶氧菌酯SC对花生黑腐病菌也有较好的抑制作用,EC₅₀均低于10 μg/mL;30%精甲恶霉灵的抑制作用最差,EC₅₀值为76.71 μg/mL。以上研究结果可为花生黑腐病的防治提供理论依据。     

葡萄酿制过程中5种杀菌剂的残留变化

采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)对葡萄家酿过程酒汁中5种杀菌剂(腈菌唑、噁唑菌酮、双炔酰菌胺、丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑)残留进行分析,考查添加酵母菌对其残留的影响。结果表明,葡萄酒汁中5种杀菌剂的回收率为75.4%~112.5%。初发酵过程中,5种杀菌剂有不同程度的降解,但腈菌唑和双炔酰菌胺在添加酵母菌发酵的酒汁中无显著降解,在二次发酵过程中,5种杀菌剂残留均呈现较稳定水平。在酿酒过程中添加酵母对5种杀菌剂的降解无显著影响。目标杀菌剂在葡萄酿造过程中的残留变化不仅与酿造工艺有关,还与杀菌剂的理化性质相关。     

复合高效配方药剂对甘蔗褐条病防控效果评价

为了筛选防控甘蔗褐条病的复合高效配方药剂及精准施药技术,选用多菌灵、苯菌灵、百菌清、嘧菌脂、吡唑醚菌脂、苯甲嘧菌酯进行田间药效试验。结果表明,（50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂1500 g+75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1500 g+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+农用增效助剂300 mL）/hm²、（50%苯菌灵可湿性粉剂1500 g+75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1500 g+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+农用增效助剂300 mL）/hm²和（25%吡唑醚菌脂悬浮剂600 mL+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+农用增效助剂300 mL）/hm²等3个配方药剂对甘蔗褐条病均具有良好的防治效果,其病指均在14.02以下,防效均达84.41%以上。本研究显示3个配方药剂是防控甘蔗褐条病理想的复合高效配方药剂,可在7—8月人工和无人机飞防叶面喷施,7~10天喷1次,连喷2次。     

几种新型杀菌剂对瓜类蔓枯病菌的毒力测定

用生长速率法测定8种药剂对瓜类蔓枯病的抑制作用表明：30％苗菌敌抑制作用最强,40mg／kg抑制率为100％,其次为50％扑海因和5％菌毒清,600mg／kg抑制率分别为914％和837％;用最小二乘法计算的3种药剂的毒力回归方程依次为：Y＝4．2187＋2．1317x、Y＝0．8644＋2．2214x、Y＝3．6955＋0．9434x;EC50为2．3255mg／kg、73．378mg／kg、24．1474mg／kg;EC95为14．342mg／kg．410．964mg／kg。1338．mg／kg为田间进一步试验提供了理论依据。     

西瓜种子带菌部位及药剂处理试验研究

本文利用吸水纸检验法对从西瓜枯萎病发病较重地采集的种子进行了保湿培养研究,结果表明,供式种子携带多种病菌,其中枯萎病菌带菌率最高,其次是黑斑病菌、黑根霉菌;供试种子除表面带菌外,种壳和种仁内均可带菌,而且种壳带菌率明显高于种仁带菌率。药剂处理种子试验结果表明,80%越微多菌灵可湿性粉剂和50%扑海因可湿性粉剂100倍液浸种6小时分别对枯萎病菌和链格孢菌的消毒效果最好。     

Effects of fungicides used to control Rhynchosporium secalis where benzimidazole resistance is present

The effects of fungicides used to control Rhynchosporium secalis in winter barley were investigated in five field trials in Co. Down, Northern Ireland. Benzimidazole resistance was present in the R. secalis population of each site. Fungicide performance was evaluated in terms of disease control, maintenance of green leaf area, grain yield and grain quality. Samples of R. secalis isolates taken before and after treatment in each field were assessed for sensitivity to carbendazim in the laboratory. Carbendazim contributed little to disease control, the maintenance of green leaf area, grain yield or grain quality. Carbendazim was associated with a significant increase in disease severity in some plots. Treatments containing carbendazim, either alone or in mixture, caused an increase in the proportion of carbendazim-resistant isolates within R. secalis populations. Propiconazole-containing treatments performed well in terms of disease control, maintenance of green leaf area and grain quality. They caused no change in carbendazim resistance frequency.     

The Relationship Between Wheat Seed Weight, Infection by Fusarium culmorum or Microdochium nivale, Germination and Seedling Disease

The distribution of seeds by weight for three lots of winter wheat cv. Avalon infected by Fusarium culmorum and three lots of winter wheat cv. Riband infected by Microdochium nivale was determined. The distribution of infected seeds within each seed lot was then determined by isolating F. culmorum from seeds on moist filter paper and M. nivale from seeds on potato dextrose agar. The distribution of M. nivale infected seeds between seeds of different weight was similar to that of the seed lot as a whole, whereas the distribution of F. culmorum was greater in light seeds than heavy seeds. The percentage germination of infected seeds decreased with seed weight. A similar situation was found with respect to seedling emergence in compost for F. culmorum infected seeds. However, with M. nivale infection, similar numbers of seedlings emerged from both light and heavy infected seeds. Seed treatment with guazatine increased seedling emergence for both light and heavy seed infected by M. nivale. However, seedling emergence from F. culmorum infected seed was poor even following treatment with guazatine. Poor emergence was most evident from light seed.