饲料脂肪水平对江黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能的影响

研究了饲料中脂肪水平对江黄颡鱼幼鱼(平均体重0.44g)生长性能的影响。实验共设5个水平组,饲料脂肪水平分别为3.77%,4.82%,7.29%,8.37%,9.87%。每组20尾,3个平行,饲养66d。结果显示:随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,江黄颡鱼幼鱼的饲料系数呈上升趋势,蛋白质效率则呈下降趋势,增重率和特定生长率呈抛物线变化,但饲料系数和蛋白质效率差异不显著(P0.05),增重率和特定生长率差异显著(P0.05)。江黄颡鱼幼鱼肝脏中脂肪的蓄积量随饲料中脂肪水平的增加而增加。综合各项指标并分析增重率、特定生长率与脂肪水平的回归性关系,可以推测江黄颡鱼幼鱼期的饲料脂肪水平应该维持在7.59%~7.65%。     

Sperm cryopreservation of the noble Scallop Chlamys nobilis by a programmable freezing method: Effect of cryoprotectant

A study on Chlamys nobilis sperm cryopreservation by a programmable freezing method was conducted under laboratory condition. Four cryoprotectant agents (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], methanol [MET], propanediol[PG] and ethylene glycol [EG]) and four concentrations (5%, 10%, 20% and 30%) were evaluated for their ability to retain sperm motility, movement characteristics and fertility. Results showed that cryopreserved sperm total motility produced by DMSO and MET at 5%, 10% and 20% were higher than other cryoprotectant treatment groups (CPA groups), as well as rapid sperm percentage. The curvilinear (VCL) and straight line (VSL) velocity produced by DMSO at 5% significantly higher than other CPA groups (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were found for average path (VAP) velocity. The lateral head displacement (ALH) in all CPA groups was similar and without significant difference (p > 0.05), as well as the beat‐cross frequency (BCF). A significant higher fertilization rate was produced in DMSO than that in MET at same concentration (p < 0.05), and no significant differences were found for differing concentrations of the same cryoprotectant (p > 0.05). Overall, 5%‐20% DMSO was more suitable for Chlamys nobilis sperm programmable cryopreservation when the calcium‐free Hanks’ balanced salt solution was used as the extender, and 10°C/min from 0°C to ?80°C was used as freezing rate. The findings presented in this study will benefit conservation programs for Chlamys nobilis.     

冻结方式和冻藏条件对冻藏水蜜桃果浆品质的影响

为了探究冻结方式和储藏条件对冻藏水蜜桃果浆品质的影响,本文分别检测了在气流速冻和液浸速冻、-10℃和-18℃储藏、有无静电场辅助冻藏的加工储藏条件下水蜜桃果浆色泽、含酸量、含糖量、果胶含量、酚含量等指标的变化。结果表明:冻藏的前15天解冻,水蜜桃果浆的酸、酚含量均大量降低;液浸速冻可以更好地保持果浆色泽、含酸量、果胶含量和酚类物质含量;与-18℃冻藏的水蜜桃相比,-10℃储藏的水蜜桃果浆除含糖量外,其他营养损失较大;储藏时施加静电场可以减少总酸、总糖、总酚、果胶含量的损失,并能有效抑制果胶酶活力。总体来看,经90 d冻藏之后,水蜜桃果浆仍然能保持较好的品质;液浸速冻加工后,在静电场辅助下于-18℃冻藏的水蜜桃果浆具有更好的品质。     

嗜酸乳杆菌高密度发酵研究进展

嗜酸乳杆菌是一种具有重要商业价值的益生菌,嗜酸乳杆菌的高密度发酵技术对于该菌的工业化生产有重要应用价值。本文对嗜酸乳杆菌的营养需求、冷冻环境适应策略以及高密度发酵探索等方面的研究进行综述,旨在为嗜酸乳杆菌的生产提供理论参考。     

钩纹皮蠹不同虫态过冷却点及结冰点的测定

为初步明确钩纹皮蠹Dermestes ater De Geer不同虫态的抗寒能力,本文运用智能昆虫过冷却点测定仪及配套软件测定钩纹皮蠹幼虫、蛹和成虫的过冷却点及结冰点,比较不同虫态过冷却点和结冰点的差异,以期为钩纹皮蠹的越冬区划分、发生期预测和虫害防控等提供理论依据。结果表明,钩纹皮蠹3日龄蛹的平均过冷却点最低,为-24.31℃,1龄幼虫平均过冷却点最高,为-16.34℃,其余虫态平均过冷却点依次为老熟幼虫(-24.04℃)5日龄蛹(-23.84℃)1日龄蛹(-23.01℃)7日龄蛹(-19.53℃)7龄幼虫(-19.16℃)5龄幼虫(-18.75℃)3龄幼虫(-18.43℃)成虫(-18.25℃);老熟幼虫的平均结冰点最低,为-18.41℃,5龄幼虫平均结冰点最高,为-10.84℃,其余虫态平均结冰点依次为3日龄蛹(-18.26℃)1日龄蛹(-17.13℃)5日龄蛹(-16.87℃)1龄幼虫(-14.66℃)成虫(-14.55℃)7日龄蛹(-13.20℃)3龄幼虫(-12.96℃)7龄幼虫(-12.38℃)。钩纹皮蠹蛹和老熟幼虫有较强的抗寒能力,但幼虫和成虫的抗寒能力较弱。     

冰温贮藏对羊肉中蛋白质磷酸化水平的影响

【目的】通过测定冰温贮藏及冷藏过程中肌肉肌浆蛋白与肌原纤维蛋白的磷酸化水平,分析冰温贮藏对蛋白质磷酸化水平的影响,为肉类冰温贮藏品质调控提供理论依据。【方法】选取大尾寒羊与小尾寒羊杂交公羊的背最长肌于冷藏和冰温条件下成熟,分别在0.5 h、12 h、24 h、3 d、5 d、9 d取样测定蛋白激酶活性、肌浆蛋白与肌原纤维蛋白的磷酸化水平。采用蛋白激酶活性测定试剂盒、运用酶联免疫的方法检测各处理组蛋白激酶的活性随贮藏时间的变化;通过SDS-PAGE电泳、荧光染色的方法得到全蛋白染色与磷酸化染色的肌浆蛋白与肌原纤维蛋白条带,运用Quantity One软件分析各处理组各处理时间的肌浆蛋白及肌原纤维蛋白的磷酸化水平。【结果】贮藏初期(0.5—12 h),冰温组蛋白激酶活性显著升高(P0.05),冷藏组蛋白激酶活性则显著降低(P0.05),贮藏12 h—9 d过程中,冰温组蛋白激酶活性均显著高于冷藏组(P0.05)。两处理组蛋白激酶活性均随贮藏时间的延长而逐渐降低,且冰温组蛋白激酶活性均显著高于冷藏组(P0.05)。对肌浆蛋白染色效果图中分布于15—250 k Da的17个蛋白条带逐一进行分析,结果表明贮藏温度极显著影响肌浆蛋白各蛋白条带的磷酸化水平(P0.001)。冷藏组肌浆蛋白整体磷酸化水平先升高后降低,贮藏第3天达到最大值,冰温组肌浆蛋白整体磷酸化水平先降低后升高,最小值出现在贮藏第24天,贮藏第12天至3天时,冷藏组肌浆蛋白整体磷酸化水平高于冰温组(P0.05),贮藏第9天时,冰温组肌浆蛋白整体磷酸化水平高于冷藏组(P0.05)。对肌原纤维蛋白染色效果图中分布于15—250 k Da的20个蛋白条带逐一进行分析,结果表明不同贮藏温度对所有肌原纤维蛋白条带的磷酸化水平均产生极显著影响作用(P0.001)。两处理组肌原纤维蛋白整体磷酸化水平均随贮藏时间的延长呈现先升高后降低的趋势,冷藏组与冰温组最大值分别出现在24 h和12 h,贮藏初期(0.5—12 h),两处理组间肌原纤维蛋白整体磷酸化水平无显著差异(P0.05),贮藏24 h至贮藏期结束,冷藏组肌原纤维蛋白整体磷酸化水平始终高于冰温组(P0.05)。【结论】冰温贮藏通过影响蛋白激酶的活性来调控蛋白质的磷酸化水平,进而通过影响糖酵解途径、肌肉收缩及骨架蛋白降解来间接调控肉品质。     

不同颜色和材料覆盖措施对越冬期库尔勒香梨树干形成层温度及融冻交替的影响

为了解释越冬期不同冻害防治措施对树干形成层温度和融冻交替的影响,通过不同颜色和不同材料覆盖处理后,利用热电偶传感探头监测树干形成层温度的变化。结果表明,不同颜色处理和不同材料覆盖措施对树干形成层温度变化和融冻交替有明显的影响,树干颜色处理融冻交替大小顺序为:刮树皮涂黑对照(CK)涂白;覆盖处理融冻交替大小顺序为:对照麻绳反光膜绒毡片稻草;覆盖处理形成层温度日较差均低于颜色处理,涂白形成层温度日较差比稻草和绒毡片处理平均高3~5℃。树干融冻交替和冻害防治效果最好的防治措施是涂白、稻草和绒毡片覆盖处理。     

2015～2016年冬春武汉植物园61种樟科植物冻害调查

针对2016年1月的极端低温天气,对武汉植物园61种露天栽培的樟科植物受冻害情况进行了调查。结果表明:538株樟科植物中,受冻害85株,占所有调查植株15.8%;冻害程度达到Ⅱ级以上的有11个种,占所有调查樟科种类的18.0%;本次调查中,新木姜子属和楠木属耐寒性较好,而木姜子属的耐寒性整体表现最差,以上调查结果为樟科植物在武汉市的园林应用提供了科学依据。     

茶树干燥型大冻害气象因素的logistic回归分析

茶树大冻害是制约北方茶叶发展的一个重要因素。为解决这一问题,从山东主茶区的日照、青岛、临沂三个地区42年、共计126年的气象资料中,选择可能导致茶树干燥型大冻害形成的30个气象因子作为自变量,以干燥型大冻害作为因变量,进行单因素logistic 回归分析。根据单因素分析的结果,从30 个气象因子中筛选出10个有统计学意义的气象因子进行多因素logistic回归分析,建立茶树干燥型大冻害发生的logistic回归模型,并对模型进行评价。结果显示,1月平均气温、上年8月平均气温、上年11月空气相对湿度3个气象因子是茶树干燥型大冻害发生的主要决定因素。研究结论为山东以及其他北方茶区有效预防茶树干燥型大冻害提供了重要依据。     

Modeling aerobic decomposition of rice straw during the off-rice season in an Andisol paddy soil in a cold temperate region of Japan: Effects of soil temperature and moisture

Submerged rice paddies are a major source of methane (CH₄) which is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO₂). Accelerating rice straw decomposition during the off-rice season could help to reduce CH₄ emission from rice paddies during the single rice-growth season in cold temperate regions. For understanding how both temperature and moisture can affect the rate of rice straw decomposition during the off-rice season in the cold temperate region of Tohoku district, Japan, a modeling incubation experiment was carried out in the laboratory. Bulk soil and soil mixed with 2% of δ¹³C-labeled rice straw with a full factorial combination of four temperature levels (?5 to 5, 5, 15, 25°C) and two moisture levels (60% and 100% WFPS) were incubated for 24 weeks. The daily change from ?5 to 5°C was used to model the freezing–thawing cycles occurring during the winter season. The rates of rice straw decomposition were calculated by (i) CO₂ production; (ii) change in the soil organic carbon (SOC) content; and (iii) change in the δ¹³C value of SOC. The results indicated that both temperature and moisture affected the rate of rice straw decomposition during the 24-week aerobic incubation period. Rates of rice straw decomposition increased not only with high temperature, but also with high moisture conditions. The rates of rice straw decomposition were more accurately calculated by CO₂ production compared to those calculated by the change in the SOC content, or in its δ¹³C value. Under high moisture at 100% WFPS condition, the rates of rice straw decomposition were 14.0, 22.2, 33.5 and 46.2% at ?5 to 5, 5, 15 and 25°C temperature treatments, respectively. While under low moisture at 60% WFPS condition, these rates were 12.7, 18.3, 31.2 and 38.4%, respectively. The Q₁₀ of rice straw decomposition was higher between ?5 to 5 and 5°C than that between 5 and 15°C and that between 15 and 25°C. Daily freezing–thawing cycles (from ?5 to 5°C) did not stimulate rice straw decomposition compared with low temperature at 5°C. This study implies that to reduce CH₄ emission from rice paddies during the single rice-growth season in the cold temperate regions, enhancing rice straw decomposition during the high temperature period is very important.