Collection of urban tree products by households in poorer residential areas of three South African towns

The high rates of urban in-migration and poverty common in many developing country towns potentially increases the reliance of urban populations on the direct benefits provided by trees. Yet understanding of the extent of such use and the sources of these tree products is limited. Here we report on the extent of use of urban tree products by 450 households in the poorer areas of three towns along a rainfall gradient based on household questionnaires. We considered the proportion of households making use of each of several tree products and the collection or purchasing frequency which we disaggregated by source of the product, including trees in homesteads, urban spaces, edges of towns and via purchase from traders. Most households (91%) used firewood, which was most frequently collected from the urban fringe or purchased, although one-third at times also collected firewood from trees on their home plot. All households used fruits, most commonly sourced through purchase (98%), but nearly half of whom also supplemented by harvesting fruits from their home plot. Other products used included wood for building, fencing and utensils, herbal medicines, planting material and mulch. Collection of products from urban homestead trees was highest amongst households in the informal settlements and least in the more established townships. Residents of new low-cost housing areas made extensive use of urban tree products harvested in urban spaces because they had fewer homestead trees than residents of informal areas or townships. Overall, urban residents made use of a wide array of tangible products from trees which they sourced from a variety of places, including their homestead plot. This urges that planning agencies ensure that homestead plot sizes or other urban spaces that provide tree products are large enough to support the direct needs of poorer urban residents.     

基于四大家鱼产卵需求的汉江中下游生态流量研究

针对汉江中下游梯级电站开发后水文节律变化造成四大家鱼栖息地生境质量降低的问题,分别通过几种常用水文学法和栖息地模型计算了汉江中下游河道最小生态流量和四大家鱼产卵适宜生态流量,并在最小生态流量的基础上,结合四大家鱼产卵适宜生态流量以及生态水文特征在5-8月进行了脉冲设计,综合确定出了满足四大家鱼产卵需求的生态流量过程。结果表明,Lyon法和7Q10法最适宜汉江中下游最小生态流量的计算,流量为294~863 m3/s;通过栖息地模型计算,彭市和仙桃江段四大家鱼产卵适宜生态流量为1233~3950 m3/s;流量日涨幅在139.1~534.8 m3/s,持续5 d的涨水过程可为四大家鱼产卵提供良好的条件。该研究从考虑四大家鱼产卵需求的角度,为汉江中下游梯级电站的生态调度提供科学参考。     

白桦次生林4个林龄0～30cm土层水源涵养功能比较

以小兴安岭地区白桦次生林4个林龄为研究对象,对其凋落物持水量、土壤贮水性能、土壤特性等进行研究.试验表明：4个林龄凋落物的蓄积量和最大持水量是70 a为最低,40 a为最大;土壤非毛管孔隙度在各林龄间变化呈波动性,30 a白桦次生林0～30 cm土层非毛管孔隙最小,不利于水分下渗,40 a白桦次生林0～ 30 cm土层非毛管孔隙最大,有利于降水的下渗,土壤水源涵养功能大小排序为40 a（3 276.820 t·hm-2）＜30 a（3 434.626 t·hm-2）＜50 a（3 525.015 t·hm-2）＜70 a（3 629.445 t·hm-2）.     

海藻生根剂对四季小白菜生长的影响

以四季小白菜为材料,采用盆栽试验用海藻生根剂对白菜苗进行灌根处理,通过测量不同处理对小白菜的株高、叶面积、干重等生长指标和光合速率、硝酸还原酶的活性、根系活力等生理指标研究海藻生根剂对四季小白菜生长的影响。结果表明:海藻生根剂成品500倍液处理四季小白菜可以增加白菜苗的株高、叶面积以及提高四季小白菜苗的光合作用,从而提高产量;且明显提高小白菜叶片中硝酸还原酶的活性和根系活力。而不加海藻提取液的生根剂半成品作用不明显。可见,海藻生根剂500倍液处理为最优浓度处理。     

三维配电网地理信息系统的研究与实现

提高电力企业信息化管理水平是配电网管理中的一项重要内容,目前二维配电网GIS系统已经成为主要的管理手段。针对配电网特点和二维配电网GIS系统中几何图形简单,无法真实反映配网设备及周围环境情况的不足,进行了三维GIS研究,提出了建立三维配电网GIS系统的实施方案。系统采用SuperMap组件式GIS平台,商用关系型数据库SQL2005和VB进行开发,实现了对配电线路和供用电设备等的可视化管理,并具有进行基本的空间分析和数据处理 功能。     

Green justice in the city: A new agenda for urban green space research in Europe

In this short communication, we discuss European urban green space (UGS) research from an environmental justice perspective. We show that European UGS scholarship primarily focuses on functional values and managerial aspects of UGS, while paying less attention to equity in the enjoyment of and decision-making around UGS. On this basis we discuss potentials for European urban green space research to take up a more explicit environmental justice framing to shed much-needed light on injustices in European cities and inspire change in policy and practice.     

果园割草机割茬高度机构运动分析与设计

生草制矮砧密植园苹果园草势生长状态可有效控制果园水分,协调果园微域环境。为此,利用数学模型分析了平行四杆机构的运动参数,确定了割茬高度调节手柄转动角度与割茬高度间对应的数学关系。分析表明,高度调节手柄转动角度α为-16.13°,-9.59°,-3.18°,3.18°,9.59°和16.13°等6个角度时,对应割茬高度为50,60,70,80,90,100mm,实现了割茬高度精确控制;同时,应用AIP软件创建割茬高度调整机构数字样机,满足割茬高度的有级调整要求。     

云南油瓜开发研究初探

油瓜是一种很具开发潜力的热带油料植物，自植物学家蔡希陶先生1933年在云南发现以来，就开始了油瓜的驯化栽培研究，2008年云南农业大学香料研究所进行包括油瓜在内的油料作物立体栽培模式研究，对油瓜驯化栽培和开发有新的认识和见解。     

土体固结与溶质运移三维耦合模型

考虑堆场上覆堆积体自重引起的土体固结与溶质运移的耦合效应已成为环境土工领域中的热点问题。在Biot固结理论和溶质运移理论相结合的基础上,以孔隙率作为耦合参量,将固结方程与运移方程相联系,考虑土体固结对溶质运移模型参数的影响,建立了溶质在固结变形土体中运移的三维耦合模型。采用多场耦合有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics对模型进行了数值求解。数值模拟结果表明,土体固结变形对溶质运移过程具有较强和持久的阻滞作用,导致溶质运移深度以及污染羽范围的减小,在模拟运移20 a时,运移距离减小率已高达27.75%,且随着时间的增加而逐渐增大;溶质在水平方向的迁移距离不可忽略,随着横向水力梯度的增大而增大。     

Design for Object-Oriented FEM Analysis Program of Three-dimension Solid

In the nonlinear analysis, stress state and stress history are in respect to stress-strain law. It is needed to store its stress history in calculation and analysis. Based on stress state of material, Object-Oriented Programming method used has the advantage in storing stress history intelligently. It overcomes the shortcoming of Process-Oriented Programming method, saves space and reduces difficulty of programming. Based on the three-dimension solid element, how to design for Object-Oriented nonlinear FEM Program.