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草地蝗虫发生原因及可持续管理对策 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
本研究探讨了影响草地蝗虫数量动态变化的主要因素,并就如何实现草地蝗虫的可持续管理对策做了较为系统全面的概述。认为全球气候温暖化、干旱化以及区域性气候异常,食物资源,种间种内竞争,环境因子以及草地利用方式和强度等是导致草地蝗虫数量动态变化以及可能引发蝗虫灾害的主要原因。同时提出基于生态安全、经济有效和草地生态系统可持续发展的原则作为管理草地蝗虫的指导方针。最后,将强化蝗虫发生机理及预测预报技术研究,积极探索草地管理措施在调节蝗虫数量中发挥作用,尝试草地蝗虫管理新的方法和技术,扩大生物防治范围和力度并确立新型化学防治技术作为实现草地蝗虫可持续管理的主要措施。 相似文献
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鉴于黄淮海麦棉轮作区土层深厚和根茬量大、韧性强的特点,以及免耕播种机作业要求,设计了2BMMD-4型棉花精量免耕播种机,能一次实现破茬、开沟、防堵、施肥、播种、覆土及镇压等功能。该机具具有独特的苗带清理及作业防堵、播种深度调节以及作业仿形功能。同时,利用SolidWorks以及ANSYS软件对2BMMD-4型免耕播种机的苗带浅旋装置进行了模态分析。结果表明,该机刀轴在设计转速下对应的频率远小于各阶固有频率,不容易发生共振。田间试验表明,该播种机作业性能达到了设计要求。 相似文献
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于2013—2014年在河南商丘开展了5个灌水处理(T1:苗期水45 mm+拔节水60 mm+灌浆水60 mm+成熟期水45mm,T2:苗期水45 mm+拔节水60 mm+灌浆水60 mm,T3:拔节水60 mm+灌浆水60 mm,T4:拔节水60 mm,T5:灌浆水60 mm)的田间试验,研究了不同灌水处理对夏玉米阶段耗水量、总耗水量、产量、水分利用效率、收获穗数、穗粒数、百粒质量、行粒数的影响。结果表明,夏玉米不同生长阶段灌水处理的耗水量均显著大于不灌水处理(P0.05),且随着整个生育期灌水次数和灌水量的增加,总耗水量显著提高。2013年和2014年,灌拔节水和灌浆水处理(T3)的总耗水量显著低于T1处理(P0.05),产量分别下降8.0%和8.9%,水分利用效率则分别提高5.3%和0.5%。灌水显著影响了夏玉米的收获穗数、穗粒数和百粒质量。2 a的苗期灌水处理(T1和T2)显著提高了夏玉米的收获穗数(P0.05),拔节期和灌浆期灌水处理(T3)的穗粒数和百粒质量均显著大于只灌拔节水(T4)和只灌灌浆水(T5)的处理(P0.05),但收获穗数差异不显著。在节水灌溉的条件下,黄淮海平原夏玉米主产区要实现较高的产量和水分利用效率,灌拔节水和灌浆水是最基本的灌水策略。 相似文献
35.
为解决精准施肥过程中变比配肥施肥机械搅拌掺混效率低、掺混均匀度一致性差等问题,设计了一种带有二次碰撞掺混锥形体的四槽轮变比配肥器,可根据4种肥料的需肥量控制4个槽轮以不同转速排肥,二次碰撞掺混腔实现变比配肥的非机械搅拌均匀掺混。测定了4种肥料颗粒的物料特性及在不同含水率条件下的破碎力和粘附力。采用离散元法,选用Hertz-Mindlin无滑动接触模型,分析4种肥料排料运动和碰撞掺混规律。通过正交试验和方差分析,发现槽轮转速在20~80 r/min范围内时,转速对掺混偏离度标准差影响不显著,四槽轮变比配肥器可以实现变比配肥均匀掺混;优化设计二次碰撞掺混锥形体在圆柱形掺混腔内最优高度为12.1 mm,在此高度下二次碰撞掺混锥形体锥角为57.9°。利用力链分析肥料颗粒在槽轮排肥器工作时受力分布,解算4种肥料颗粒所受到的挤压力均小于其破碎力,变比配肥时不会造成肥料颗粒破碎。另外,利用高速摄影分析不同频率、振幅的振动对肥料颗粒碰撞掺混的影响,发现振动对碰撞掺混均匀度影响很小;进行变比配肥碰撞掺混试验,试验结果表明,各组配肥掺混均匀度基本一致,实现了多种肥料的变比配肥和非机械搅拌均匀掺混。 相似文献
36.
R. Patricia Penilla Janet Hemingway Alma D. López 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2007,89(2):111-117
The relative rates of cytochrome P450 selection in southern Mexican Anopheles albimanus populations were investigated during a 3 years indoor residual house spraying intervention with a pyrethroid (PYR) or DDT, a mosaic of organophosphate (OP)-PYR, and the annual rotation of OP-PYR-carbamate (CARB). This insecticide resistance mechanism, initially evenly spread in the mosquito population, correlated with PYR resistance during the second treated year, when cytochrome P450 contents increased in most villages of the PYR, rotation and mosaic schemes. However, by the third year, mean cytochrome P450 contents declined to susceptible levels in mosquitoes of the rotation and one mosaic group but not in the PYR-treated villages. In DDT-treated villages, a continuous decrement of cytochrome P450 levels occurred since the first treatment year, and susceptible levels were observed at the end of the intervention. Most correlations of cytochrome P450 levels and PYR resistance were lost during the third year, indicating that another mechanism evolved in resistant mosquito populations. 相似文献
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38.
Alfonso D. Victoria Arellano Emanueli B. Furtado Tailine M. Holz Paulo C. Pazdiora Gustavo M. da Silva Emerson M. Del Ponte Leandro J. Dallagnol 《Plant pathology》2022,71(5):1056-1065
Italian ryegrass is a major pasture crop cultivated mainly for feeding cattle in southern Brazil. The choice of crop is based on nutritional quality and the shortage of pastures that occur during the winter in the southernmost part of Brazil. In this region, the production of biomass and seeds are threatened by diseases, in particular fungal diseases that affect the foliage. In this study we identified and monitored the natural occurrence of a complex of leaf spotting diseases and evaluated the effects of combined management practices to reduce the intensity of foliar diseases: seed treatment with Trichoderma atroviride, soil amendment with silicon and cutting frequency (none, one or two cuts). Three diseases were present in a two-season experiment: grey leaf spot (Pyricularia oryzae), brown leaf spot (Bipolaris sorokiniana) and parrot's eye leaf spot (Cercospora sp.). Grey leaf spot had the highest severity, regardless of treatment, during the first season, and was the only disease present in the following season. Grey leaf spot dominated, and plants receiving only one cut were more prone to P. oryzae infection. The treatments with silicon or T. atroviride reduced the relative disease by 40% to 80%, in relation to untreated and uncut regimes. This study showed the main leaf spot diseases associated with L. multiflorum. Moreover, it demonstrates for the first time in the region the effectiveness of reducing leaf spot via the application of silicon in the soil, inoculation of seeds with T. atroviride and managing the cutting regime. 相似文献
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40.
Timo J. Ruokonen Mikko Kiljunen Jaakko Erkinaro Panu Orell Olli Sivonen Eero Vestola Roger I. Jones 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2019,28(1):53-61
We estimated the proportions of anadromous and freshwater‐resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) in different parts of the subarctic River Näätämöjoki/Neidenelva system (Finland and Norway) using carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen stable isotope analyses of archived scales as identifiers of migration strategy. Our results showed that carbon stable isotope values were the best predictor of migration strategy. Most individuals fell into two clearly distinct groups representing anadromous (47%) or freshwater‐resident (42%) individuals, but some fish had intermediate carbon values suggesting repeated movement between freshwater and the sea. The proportion of anadromous individuals decreased steadily with distance from the sea forming a spatial continuum in migration strategies which is probably maintained by the combination of several factors such as divergent availability of food resources, variable migration costs and genetic differences. These within‐catchment differences in migration strategies should be taken into account in fisheries management practices. 相似文献