Effects of adding sucrose on Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) growth performance and water quality in a biofloc system

A 60‐day indoor growth trial was conducted to study the effects of biofloc on the growth performance of a Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798), water quality and biological indicators including biofloc volume, chlorophyll‐a, heterotrophic bacteria and Bacillus quantity. Two concentrations of sucrose (0 and 75%) were added daily to the P. monodon culture systems (2.94 ± 0.11 g), which were conducted indoors in fibre‐glass tanks (500 L). Results showed that the final body weight and weight gain of the adding 75% sucrose group were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the control, as well as significantly (P < 0.05) improved specific growth rates and survival rates, and reduced feed coefficient. Adding 75% sucrose promoted heterotrophic bacteria, Bacillus and phytoplankton reproduction, and significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the concentration of ammonia‐N (NH₄‐N), nitrite‐N (NO₂‐N) and nitrate‐N (NO₃‐N). The changes of water quality indicators in the two groups showed the similar trend at the end of the experiment, and the ammonia‐N, nitrite‐N, nitrate‐N and phosphate‐P concentrations in the 75% sucrose group were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of the control group, Chlorophyll‐a concentrations peaked at 389.12 μg/L in the biofloc sucrose group at 18:00 h, and heterotrophic bacteria peaked 8 h after sucrose was added. The addition of sucrose also reduced the pH of the water. Our research showed that adding sucrose promoted biofloc formation and shortened the formation time; increased the number of heterotrophic bacteria and algae which might play a role in improving water quality by assimilating ammonia‐N and other harmful substances in the water; supplemented food for P monodon growth; and reduced the feed coefficient.     

秸秆还田配施腐解菌剂对土壤团聚体及其有机碳固持的影响

采集吉林省半干旱地区浅旋和深翻模式下秸秆离田和秸秆还田配施腐解菌剂0～40cm土壤样品,分析土壤团聚体组成及有机碳的分布特征。结果表明,深翻模式下秸秆腐解率高于浅旋模式,腐解菌剂可显著提高秸秆腐解率。与秸秆离田相比,浅旋模式下,JG(秸秆还田)和YW(秸秆+菌剂)显著增加了0～20cm土层中2～0.25mm粒级团聚体比例,显著增加了>0.25mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量和土壤有机碳储量;深翻模式下,JG和YW显著增加了20～40cm土层中0.25～0.053mm粒级团聚体比例,且提高了>0.053mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量。2～0.25mm粒级团聚体的有机碳含量(SOC_a)和固定量(SOC_i)与土壤总有机碳(SOC_t)具有显著正相关,2～0.25mm粒级团聚体是影响有机碳固持能力的关键粒级。     

人工修复措施对严重退化红壤固碳效益的影响

固碳效益是侵蚀退化地水土保持效益的重要组成部分,其对全面评价生态修复意义重大.从人工促进生态修复林分固碳功能出发,以裸露地为对照,不同人工修复措施林分为研究对象,对其碳储量及固碳价值进行了研究.结果表明,人工修复显著增加了植被碳库和土壤碳库的碳储量,强烈干扰马尾松、竹节沟马尾松、种草竹节沟马尾松和竹节沟湿地松植被碳库分别为6.12,6.83,8.20和32.69 t/hm2,其土壤碳库分别为裸露地的1.16,1.37,1.60和2.71倍,固碳总价值分别比裸露地增加了0.36,0.60,0.87和2.78倍.     

天山中部林区主要地类TM信息特征分析

本研究对天山中部林区样地内主要地类及森林类型ＴＭ光谱信息进行了全面的分析，得出ＴＭ５是林区主要地类分类的首选波段；ＴＭ４是林区云杉分类的首选波段     

Global forest systems: An uncertain response to atmospheric pollutants and global climate change?

Forest systems cover more than 4.1×10⁹ ha of the Earth's land area. The future response and feedbacks of forest systems to atmospheric pollutants and projected climate change may be significant. Boreal, temperate and tropical forest systems play a prominent role in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) biogeochemical cycles at regional and global scales. The timing and magnitude of future changes in forest systems will depend on environmental factors such as a changing global climate, an accumulation of CO₂ in the atmosphere, and increase global mineralization of nutrients such as N and S. The interactive effects of all these factors on the world's forest regions are complex and not intuitively obvious and are likely to differ among geographic regions. Although the potential effects of some atmospheric pollutants on forest systems have been observed or simulated, large uncertainty exists in our ability to project future forest distribution, composition and productivity under transient or nontransient global climate change scenarios. The potential to manage and adapt forests to future global environmental conditions varies widely among nations. Mitigation practices, such as liming or fertilization to ameliorate excess NO_x or SO_x or forest management to sequester CO₂ are now being applied in selected nations worldwide.The U.S. Government's right to a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

碳视角下的设施蔬菜生产效率——基于北京市调研的实证

本研究将农业生产效率和环境影响有机结合在一起,以农业生产碳效率为核心工具进行分析。基于农户调研数据,运用生命周期评价法,对不同设施类型蔬菜生产的碳投入产出及碳足迹进行了测算;在此基础上,运用DEA分别与Tobit模型及CLAD相结合,分析了不同设施类型蔬菜生产的碳效率及其影响因素。结果表明:1)不同设施类型蔬菜生产碳足迹的测算值均为负数,表明设施蔬菜生产整体上对生态环境具有正的外部性;2)设施蔬菜生产碳效率偏低,表明在碳视角下资源配置效率不高;其中,大棚生产碳效率高于温室生产,纯技术碳效率较低而规模碳效率较高,表明农户生产规模接近最优规模,而技术和管理水平偏低,此外温室生产农户的技术和管理水平低于大棚农户;3)经营者从事设施蔬菜生产年限、家庭年收入、使用测土配方施肥技术对碳效率具有显著的正向影响,蔬菜生产设施类型、劳均蔬菜种植面积对碳效率具有显著的负向影响。对此,提出相应的对策建议。     

石灰岩山地不同植被类型土壤活性有机碳变化研究

对徐州石灰岩山地4种不同植被类型中的两种土壤活性有机碳的含量进行研究,结果表明:微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的含量在针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林、针叶林、灌草地4种不同植被群落中均随灌草地向林地变化而呈现上升趋势。其中,微生物生物量碳在4种不同植被群落中的变化趋势为针阔混交林>落叶阔叶林>针叶林>灌草地;水溶性有机碳在4种不同植被群落中的变化趋势为落叶阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林>灌草地。两种土壤活性有机碳与总有机碳、全氮和pH值等主要生态因子的相关性均达到显著水平或极显著水平。在徐州石灰岩山地地区,与当地大面积栽植的侧柏相比,落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林可作为更好的替代树种,能够有效地改善土壤肥力状况。     

燕山北部地区华北落叶松林主要物种的碳含量

为了了解燕山北部山地华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林不同树种及其不同器官含碳率的差异,本试验采用湿烧法对燕山北部地区华北落叶松人工林主要物种各器官含碳率进行了研究。结果表明,华北落叶松林各主要树种以叶片含碳率为最高,约为55.57%,侧枝的含碳率与主干相近,分别为50.14%和50.30%;华北落叶松各器官平均含碳率为52.57%,低于本地区的山杨(Populus davidiana),而与白桦(Betulaplatyphylla)和棘皮桦(Betula dahurica)较为接近,但高于色木槭(Acer mono)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica);华北落叶松的含碳率与年龄没有明显的相关关系;华北落叶松林中,灌木及草本的平均含碳率分别为51.23%,48.98%,凋落物层含碳率低于各生物组分,并随着林分年龄的增加而逐渐降低。     

广东三岭山森林公园主要人工林碳汇功能及其经济价值评价

本文以广东三岭山森林公园的马尾松、尾叶桉、大叶相思人工林为研究对象,研究对比它们的碳储量和碳汇经济价值,为评价广东的3个优势造林树种的碳汇能力及为广东的造林选择提供依据。结果表明：3种人工林树种单位碳储量由大到小排列次序为：尾叶桉(166.89 t·hm-2)＞大叶相思(128.72 t·hm-2)＞马尾松(70.12 t·hm-2)。3种人工林平均碳汇经济价值按大小排列次序为：尾叶桉(45611.04元·hm-2)＞大叶相思(35179.18元·hm-2)＞马尾松(19163.80元·hm-2)。尾叶桉是这3种人工林中碳储量的主要部分,对广东三岭森林公园发挥着巨大的碳汇功能并具有强大的碳汇经济价值。因此,可以考虑在广东省碳汇造林时选择尾叶桉种植。     

江汉平原不同土地利用和起源下农田土壤有机碳组分变化

调查采集了江汉平原不同土地利用和起源农田土壤表土样品,分析总有机碳(SOC)、热水溶性有机碳(HWEC)、易氧化有机碳(LOC)及其有机碳键合组分含量特征,并探讨有机碳量和与之影响的主要土壤因素的关系。结果表明:不同土地利用和起源均会影响土壤有机碳水平,表现为湿地起源水田有机碳含量(18.34±5.78)g/kg显著高于旱地(11.18±3.39)g/kg,而红壤水田有机碳含量(16.21±4.13)g/kg与旱地(14.54±3.41)g/kg之间差异不显著;不同起源水田下无显著差异,而红壤起源旱地显著高于湿地起源旱地。HWEC和LOC及其占SOC比例均表现为湿地起源水田显著高于红壤水田。不同土地利用和起源下土壤有机碳的稳定机制不同,粘粒保护在湿地起源土壤中具有显著作用,而水田条件下,土壤有机碳的化学结合稳定显得与游离氧化铁的保护有关,红壤起源水田土壤中由于游离氧化铁的大量存在,这种保护作用对于土壤有机碳的稳定具有显著的贡献。