农户森林灾害减灾需求影响因素分析?——基于北京市郊区农户的调查

根据收益—成本权衡理论,构建了农户减灾收益与成本理论分析框架,基于北京市郊区农户的调查数据,采用Logistic模型分析农户对森林灾害减灾需求的主要影响因素。结果表明,北京市郊区72.11%的农户有减灾需求,尤其对村集体帮助、政府救济和森林保险等减灾措施的需求较大,火灾、风灾和病虫害是影响农户生产生活的最主要灾害类型。农户对减灾措施的认知程度、风险偏好、林业收入占总收入比、三年内受灾严重程度和对政府防灾救灾体系的满意程度对减灾需求影响显著;而农户家庭年均纯收入、林业生产人数、对减灾措施了解程度、林地规模、林地质量、林地位置、树种及3年内受灾次数对减灾需求影响不显著。因此,政府通过提高农户对减灾措施的认知水平,并根据农户需求制定有针对性的减灾措施,建立健全林业防灾救灾体系是实现对林业防灾减灾措施有效供给的重要途径。     

湖北省林木育种工作的现状与建议

本文简述了湖北省林木育种工作的基本情况,分析指出了育种工作中的主要问题,并有针对性地提出了相关建议、对策以及近期目标和重点项目。     

森林认证发展与对策探讨

森林认证是近年来国际社会非政府组织大力推行的促进森林可持续经营的一种有效市场机制。该文从其概念、标准、程序、目的和效益等分析入手，重点探讨了我们推行森林认证的对策。     

林木计量施肥研究动态

综述了近百年来林木施肥的研究概况,评述了林木施肥的各种计量方法,并按成熟度和施肥原理将林木计量施肥划分为经验法、肥料效应函数法、林木营养诊断法和配方施肥法4大类型,探讨了我国林木计量施肥存在的问题,并提出了我国未来林木施肥的发展方向是按树种、分立地、分林木生长阶段的目标效益下的计量施肥．     

竹林套种鱼腥草栽培技术

利用鱼腥草喜阴湿的生长特性,借助竹林自然的遮荫条件及土壤湿度,模拟鱼腥草的生长环境,竹林套种鱼腥草既可以提高鱼腥草的产量,提升鱼腥草的品质,对竹林也可起到"生草覆盖"的作用,实现双赢。同时,对于提高土地利用效率,增加竹林经济效益,促进竹林可持续经营具有重要意义。文章基于实践经验,总结了竹林套种鱼腥草的主要栽培技术。     

Comparison of susceptibility of various fish species to experimental infection with channel catfish virus

Channel catfish virus (CCV) disease is an acute haemorrhagic disease in juvenile channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ). To date channel catfish is the only species affected by natural outbreaks of the CCV but juvenile large mouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) and silurus ( Silurus meriaionalis ) have suffered high mortalities in recent years in China. Histopathological phenomenon of sick fish is similar to CCV disease, and the identified virus was CCV. In this report, the pathogenicity of infectious CCV was examined by infection trials on the first known host species, the channel catfish and other teleosts. Our results indicated that there were higher detection rates of CCV from large mouth bass and silurus fish. Channel catfish virus did not induce mortality in other cypriniformes, but histopathological studies revealed that carp might be infected by both bathing and intraperitoneal infection. No deaths, clinical or histopathological signs, were found in the six other species exposed by immersion or injection. Experimental infection studies confirm that CCV infect not only channel catfish but also other species (large mouth bass, silutus and carp). The outbreaks of CCV disease only occurred when the cultured temperature was above 25 °C.     

天山北坡中部林区天山云杉林小气候观测

从天山云杉林（ＰｉｃｅａｓｈｒｅｎｋｉａｎａＶａｒ．ｔｉａｎｓｃｈａｎｉｃａ）小气候观测结果了解到，森林小气候随林分的不同郁闭度、林内不同高度及林地不同深度，空气温度、空气相对湿度、太阳辐射强度，光照强度以及土壤温度等都将发生规律性的变化。     

Root growth conditions in the topsoil as affected by tillage intensity

Many studies have reported impeded root growth in topsoil under reduced tillage or direct drilling, but few have quantified the effects on the least limiting water range for root growth. This study explored the effects of tillage intensity on critical soil physical conditions for root growth in the topsoil. Samples were taken from a 7-year tillage experiment on a Danish sandy loam at Foulum, Denmark (56°30′ N, 9°35′ E) in 2008. The main crop was spring barley followed by either dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) or fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cover crops as subtreatment. The tillage treatments were direct drilling (D), harrowing 8-10 cm (H), and ploughing (P) to 20 cm depth. A chisel coulter drill was used in the H and D treatments and a traditional seed drill in the P treatment. Undisturbed soil cores were collected in November 2008 at soil field moisture capacity from the 4-8 and 12-16 cm depths.We estimated the critical aeration limit from either 10% air-filled porosity (ε_a) or relative gas diffusivity (D/D₀) of 0.005 or 0.02 and found a difference between the two methods. The critical limit of soil aeration was best assessed by measuring gas diffusivity directly. Root growth was limited by a high penetration resistance in the D and H soils (below tillage depth). Poor soil aeration did not appear to be a significant limiting factor for root growth for this sandy loam soil, irrespective of tillage treatment. The soil had a high macroporosity and D/D₀ exceeded 0.02 at field capacity. Fodder radish resulted in more macropores, higher gas diffusivity and lower pore tortuosity compared to dyer's woad. This was especially important for the H treatment where compaction was a significant problem at the lower depths of the arable layer (10-20 cm depth). Our results suggest that fodder radish could be a promising tool in the amelioration of soil compaction.     

九连山国家森林公园负氧离子浓度时空变化及影响要素研究

负氧离子不仅对空气质量具有改善作用,而且对人体健康起到重要的影响。通过连续观测九连山国家森林公园空气负氧离子浓度,分析负氧离子浓度的时空变化规律及与各气象要素之间的相互关系。结果表明,九连山国家森林公园负氧离子浓度水平达到Ⅰ级标准,对人体健康极有利。原始阔叶林中负氧离子浓度明显高于人工林中负氧离子的浓度,且原始阔叶林和人工林中负氧离子浓度都呈现夏秋高于冬春,夏季最高,冬季最低;早晚浓度明显高于白天浓度的规律。因此九连山国家森林公园适合出游时间为夏秋季,且上午或傍晚最佳。此外,负氧离子的浓度与空气温度、湿度以及降水量都有明显的相关性,同时也受其他气象因素的影响。这些结果可以为推进森林旅游业的建设提供科学支持,特别是自然保护区内负氧离子资源和旅游产品的开发。     

青钱柳叶中黄酮类化合物的地理变异

以青钱柳Cyclocarya paliurus 11个种源1年生苗的叶片为材料。研究青钱柳叶片中黄酮类化合物的地理变异．初步筛选出黄酮类化合物质量分数高的优良药用种源。黄酮类化合物各成分用液相色谱测定．数据采用方差分析、多重比较和相关分析等进行统计分析。结果表明：青钱柳叶中3种黄酮类化合物质量分数紧密相关．其中山奈酚质量分数高于槲皮素和异槲皮苷。研究的各种源中,安徽歙县和广西资源种源的黄酮类化合物的质量分数较高．分别为6．770和6．494mg·g^-1,安徽舒城种源的黄酮类化合物质量分数最低,仅为1．230mg·g^-1;以经纬度为自变量。各成分的质量分数为因变量进行趋势面分析,青钱柳叶中山奈酚质量分数呈经纬度双向变异．但其变化幅度随经度变化幅度不如纬度变化大,其表现出以108°E和27°N交叉区域为中心向东西递增、向南北递减的趋势．而槲皮素和异槲皮苷质量分数的变化没有明显的规律性。青钱柳黄酮类化合物较高的优良药用种源为安徽歙县和广西资源种源。图4表3参15