基于空间分析的森林土壤养分分级方法

为探索一种适用于森林土壤养分分级方法,本研究以广西乐里林场太阳盘分场为研究区域,通过网格化方式布设土壤采样点,分析土壤有效磷含量并进行空间插值,利用森林资源规划数据,提取速生杉木种植小班平均土壤有效磷含量,选取速效氮、速效钾水平中等的小班,计算各小班杉木(Cuninghamiaspp.)年平均生长量,根据相对产量公式计算小班年相对生长量,以"对数"类型拟合年相对生长量与对应土壤养分值之间的关系,分别以相对生长量为50%、75%、90%和95%计算对应的土壤磷素含量,根据计算结果划分土壤磷素丰缺指标,获得该区域土壤有效磷临界值分为2.6、4.0、5.7和6.3,得出研究区杉木林地土壤有效磷分级指标,为制定区域速生林木施肥配方提供研究基础。     

草原火研究综述

火作为重要的生态因子与我们的生活息息相关。国内外已对草原火展开了一定研究,本文讨论了草原火的研究成果,从影响因素、生态影响、时空分布格局、草原火的管理、遥感监控、预警和风险评价7个方面进行深入的探讨。一方面可为相关决策部门提供有力的科学依据,进而保证对草原火规范管理、草原生态环境平衡;另一方面,可为草原火发生发展过程,及其对相关区域乃至未来全球气候变化的影响研究提供依据,进而为当前全球变化研究做出贡献。由于目前在研究领域的局限性和研究时间间断性出现的问题,最后分析了草原火的研究趋势,并对火生态因子对全球气候变化影响和火灾预测模型有待深入的研究难点和发展趋势进行了展望。     

A Hierarchical Perspective to Woody Plant Encroachment for Conservation of Prairie-Chickens

Encroachment of Great Plains grasslands by fire-sensitive woody plants is a large-scale, regional process that fragments grassland landscapes. Using prairie grouse (Tympanuchus spp.) of conservation concern, we apply hierarchy theory to demonstrate how regional processes constrain lower-level processes and reduce the success of local management. For example, fire and grazing management may be locally important to conservation, but the application of fire and grazing disturbances rarely cause irreversible fragmentation of grasslands in the Great Plains. These disturbance processes cause short-term alterations in vegetation conditions that can be positive or negative, but from a long-term perspective fire maintains large tracts of continuous rangelands by limiting woody plant encroachment. Conservation efforts for prairie grouse should be focused on landscape processes that contribute to landscape fragmentation, such as increased dominance of trees or conversion to other land uses. In fact, reliance on local management (e.g., maintaining vegetation structure) to alter prairie grouse vital rates is less important to grouse population persistence given contemporary landscape level changes. Changing grass height, litter depth, or increasing the cover of forbs may impact a few remaining prairie-chickens, but it will not create useable space at a scale relevant to the historic conditions that existed before land conversion and fire suppression.     

Seasonal habitat requirements of Lemon Dove (Aplopelia larvata) in coastal forest: camera-trap surveys of a reclusive species

The modification of natural habitats requires behavioural plasticity, which may be challenging for ‘specialist’ species. Quantifying habitat requirements and behavioural responses of specialists to landscape transformation is thus a priority for baseline data to inform conservation practices. Using camera-trap surveys of the forest-dependent Lemon Dove Aplopelia larvata in conjunction with detailed microhabitat-scale covariates, we assessed habitat use during two periods in the year: autumn–winter and spring–summer (which largely encompassed peak breeding). We used occupancy modelling of forest-structural covariates to produce models of the probability of occupancy and detection of Lemon Doves in patches of the Indian Ocean Coastal Belt Forest of South Africa. The average occupancy and detection probability as indicated by the top-performing models was 0.39 ± 0.08 and 0.26 ± 0.05, respectively, during autumn–winter, and 0.37 ± 0.08 and 0.25 ± 0.04, respectively, during spring–summer. Although occupancy and probability of detection remained relatively constant between seasons, there was seasonal variation in the influence of individual covariates for both measures. The overall trend of positive influences on Lemon Dove occupancy was that of complex and diverse habitat structures and high plant species richness. The specific covariates that influenced occupancy positively during spring–summer may reflect the ecological requirements for nestling provisioning for both dietary needs and an avoidance of potential disturbance. Thus, while Lemon Doves may be less habitat-specific during autumn–winter, conservation management plans for safeguarding the breeding success of the species are advised to ensure adequate protection of large forest patches with complex and diverse interior structures and minimal disturbance.     

黄土高原子午岭林区生态气候效应特征

为揭示黄土高原中心地带子午岭林区生态气候效应特征,利用子午岭林区太白镇气象站气候资料和周边非林地华池县和庆城县气象站同步观测资料,分析月气象要素的年变化曲线和资料序列方差的统计检验结果表明：子午岭林区各月平均气温明显低于周边地区,林地5、7、9月降水量及4-9月降水时间和空气湿度明显多（大）于周边地区,林地盛夏（6-8月）月平均蒸发量明显偏小,表征黄土高原子午岭林地的生态气候效应具有明显的冷凉、湿润和水分利用率高的特征。     

Effects of smoke,ash and heat shock on seed germination of seven species from Central Zagros rangelands in the semi-arid region of Iran

Fire products have been widely identified as germination cues for a number of species from both fire-prone and fire-free ecosystems. However, there is uncertainty about the effects of fire products on seed germination of semi-arid rangeland species. We examined the germination of seven dominant species from Central Zagros rangelands in the semi-arid region of Iran under various heat shock (60, 80 and 120 °C), aerosol smoke, ash and control treatments. Our findings showed that fire products could enhance, inhibit or not affect the seed germination of rangeland species in this area. The germination percentage of Astragalus adscendens increased following 60 °C heat treatment in comparison with the control. The germination of Astragalus verus, Bromus tectorum, B. tomentellus and Phlomis olivieri were increased significantly using smoke treatment (P<0.0001). The seed germination of B. tomentellus and B. tectorum was promoted by ash treatment, whereas the other species exhibited no response or were inhibited by fire products. In addition, smoke treatment shortened the overall germination time of B. tectorum. These findings suggest that fire products affect the germination of several species and can serve as potential tools for understanding the vegetation dynamics and restoration of disturbed semi-arid rangelands.     

内蒙古草原火险等级短期预报研究

利用EOS/MODIS数据和内蒙古不同类型草地枯草期野外实测可燃物月动态数据,建立枯草期遥感估测模型。在此基础上,选择积雪覆盖、可燃物重量、草地连续度、日降水量、日最小相对湿度、日最高气温、日最大风速等7个指标,采用层次分析法确定各指标的权重,构建草原火险指数,建立草原火险等级短期预报模型。应用模型可将内蒙古草原的火险状态划分为不燃、难燃、可燃、易燃、极易燃5级,并对火险做出短期预报。利用数据抽样回代检验方法对草原火险等级短期预报进行精度检验,检验结果为落区预报准确率达96.42%,预报结果与实际基本相符,可以用于内蒙古草原火险短期预报的实际应用。     

A new galago species for South Africa (Primates: Strepsirhini: Galagidae)

The primate fauna of South Africa has historically been viewed as comprising three diurnal cercopithecoid taxa – chacma baboons (Papio ursinus), vervet (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) and samango monkeys (Cercopithecus albogularis) – and two nocturnal lorisoid species – the thick-tailed greater galago (Otolemur crassicaudatus) and the southern lesser galago (Galago moholi). Here we report the positive identification of a third galago species within South Africa’s borders: the Mozambique dwarf galago or Grant’s galago, Galagoides granti (Thomas and Wroughton, 1907). The taxon was previously held to be restricted to Mozambique, eastern Zimbabwe, Malawi and Tanzania, but we have also observed it in the sand forest of Tembe Elephant Park and the Tshanini Community Reserve, near the Mozambique border. The species was formerly mistaken for Galago moholi, erroneously (we believe) extending the range of the latter species into northern KwaZulu-Natal. In South Africa the two small galagos are unlikely to have overlapping ranges: Galago moholi prefers dry savanna woodlands, whereas Galagoides granti is apparently confined to dry sand forest. However, both species may coexist with the larger and more widespread Otolemur crassicaudatus, an inhabitant of moist savanna, forest edge and thicket. The true South African ranges of both small galago species need to be ascertained.     

两种热带森林覆盖变化检测方法比较研究

[目的]以热带森林复杂区域为对象,对两种缨帽变换“衍生数据”检测热带森林变化的方法的优劣进行比较.[方法]对两期数据进行缨帽变换,同时结合黑暗对象掩膜与局部直方图阈值提取等方法,获取亮度、绿度、湿度指数组合(MKT)和干扰指数(DI).采用MKT差值(MKT-D)、干扰指数差值(MDI-D)进行变化信息识别,然后,根据植被覆盖与亮度、绿度、湿度之间的变化关系,通过决策树分类提取变化信息,最后,对不同检测结果进行验证与比较分析.[结果]结果显示两种方法都能检测出森林内部的细微变化,但对小图斑变化,MKT-D检测优势明显,且MKT-D的kappa系数为0.763 0,MDI-D的kappa系数为0.655 9,两者相比,MKT-D方法优于MDI-D方法.[结论]MKT能够增强短波红外与近红外波段对森林变化信息的敏感性,有效地消除噪声等非目标信号,突出目标信号,此外,MKT-D为RGB彩色图像,更利于变化信息的目标提取与解译.     

火烧对结缕草草地杂草的防控研究

在结缕草萌动前对结缕草草地进行火烧处理,研究生长季内不同月份火烧对结缕草草地杂草的控制效果。结果表明:整个生长季内火烧对结缕草草地杂草株数、植物量(地上,干重)均有较好的防控效果,平均防控效果分别为23.97%、39.90%;株数防控效果最好为5月份,为40.95%,植物量防控效果最好为10月份,为65.74%;火烧对结缕草草地杂草的防控效果在春季主要表现在防控杂草的数量(株数),在秋季主要表现在防控杂草的重量(地上植物量)。