国家科技攻关白菜抗病育种进展

从白菜病理学研究,抗病性鉴定,抗性遗传规律和抗病机理研究,抗病新品种的选育和推广淫,抗病育种技术研究等５个方面了国家科技攻关白菜抗病育种的主要进展,并对白菜抗病育种的发展趋势和前景进行了探讨。     

夏季积层混合云降水的宏微观特征及人工增雨可播性研究

为了使FY-2C/D 卫星资料反演云系微物理特征参数更好地应用于人工影响天气作业中,利用2010 年8 月17—19 日山西夏季积层混合云降水过程的雷达、卫星、机载云物理探测平台的综合探测资料,对云系演变特征、人工增雨的可播性以及催化效果进行分析。结果表明：云系维持时间达35 h,17日白天到夜间云层不断增厚,云粒子有效半径(Re)稳定变化较小,降水少,云系的自然降水过程较弱,具有较好的增雨作业潜力。8 月17 日白天云顶温度-10℃,云滴有效半径小于12 μm,云系密实,云中过冷水含量丰沛,大粒子与冰晶含量较少;夜晚在高云的播种效应之下,产生较大降水;持续稳定的中低层状云系存在较好的增雨作业机会。综合分析可知,适宜于这次夏季积层混合云降水人工催化条件的卫星判据为：云系厚度大于2 km,云顶温度-10~-20℃,云顶云粒子有效半径小于15 μm。     

The importance of reduced light intensity on the growth and development of six weed species

Crops limit light for photosynthesis and growth of weeds. We studied the effect of reduced light on performance of six weed species [one invasive species (Amsinckia micrantha), three common species (Veronica persica, Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Viola arvensis) and two less common weeds (Anagallis arvensis and Scleranthus annuus)]. In two glasshouse experiments, six light levels were achieved aiming at 0%, 20%, 50%, 80%, 90% and 95% reduction of light and corresponding with daily light integrals (DLI) of 12.4, 9.63, 7.13, 2.74, 0.95 and 0.69 mol m^?2 day^?1 in experiment 1 and 21.2, 18.0, 10.7, 3.71, 1.64 and 1.20 mol m^?2 day^?1 in experiment 2. The number of leaves was strictly controlled by DLI. Chlorophyll content index, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m), stomatal conductance, flowering and dry matter were strongly reduced when DLI was reduced to 0.69–3.71 mol m^?2 day^?1 for all species. Threshold DLI for flowering was ca. 3.71 mol m^?2 day^?1 for S. annuus, V. arvensis, A. arvensis and V. persica, while C. bursa‐pastoris deviated by flowering at DLI of 0.95 mol m^?2 day^?1. This may explain why C. bursa‐pastoris is common in the seedbank of Danish arable soils in spite of intensive farming with well‐fertilised and dense crops.     

Maize defence mechanisms against the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Maize is arguably the most widely grown crop in the world, but it is often associated with one of its major insect pests, the European corn borer (ECB). The damage caused by this species to maize production is generally variable, but in many cases it is economically significant. This review paper provides an overview of the research findings on the natural plant defence mechanisms against ECB larvae published till now. What is resistance and how it is achieved, what is the chemical response of maize plants to insect feeding and how tolerance can be increased. A short introduction in breeding for resistance and a discussion if the mentioned traits can be used in conventional breeding in order to create maize hybrids less affected by ECB are given.     

Effects of agriculture,climate, and policy on NDVI change in a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

In 1999, the Grain for Green Project was implemented by the Chinese government. Since then, the vegetation of Zuli River Basin, a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, has been greatly changed. Clearly understanding the impact of natural and artificial factors on vegetation change is important for policy making and ecosystem management. In this study, spatio-temporal variations in vegetation cover in Chinese Zuli River Basin during 1999–2016 were investigated using Landsat normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Analyses of several indicators, including changes in NDVI in different slopes and land use changes and the relationships between climatic factors and NDVI change, were presented to quantitatively evaluate the effects of agriculture, climate, and policy on NDVI change. The NDVI in the Zuli River Basin increased during the study period, and the main contributors to this change were forest in 1999–2011, cropland, abandoned farmland, and grassland in 2009–2016, and land with slopes ≤ 15°. Land with slope > 15°, where the “Project” was implemented, slightly contributed to the increase in regional NDVI. In 1999–2011, the project (?98.16%) combined with climate change (?68.18%) showed negative effects on the increase in NDVI in the Zuli River Basin, but agriculture (22.28%) played a positive role in increasing this index. In 2009–2016 and 1999–2016, the project (38.45% and 35.25%, respectively), the project combined with climate change (49.83% and 46.30%, respectively), agriculture (18.61% and 23.30%, respectively), promoted increases in NDVI in the basin.     

日光温室冬季基质加温效果及对番茄生长和品质的影响

采用控温电伴热加热系统对根系直接进行加温,设置基质加热温度分别为22、28、34 ℃,研究不同加热温度下根系温度场的分布以及对无土栽培番茄生长和品质的影响。结果表明,当使用椰糠作基质时,22、28、34 ℃的加热温度可在夜间使基质内中心位置平均温度分别提高到22.4、29.8、35.2 ℃; 与不加温对照相比,22 ℃和28 ℃加温处理能显著提高番茄单株产量,株高、茎粗、叶片数、根系干质量和鲜质量以及可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白、可滴定酸等品质指标显著提高;22 ℃加温处理中番茄植株的单株能耗为11.33 kWh,明显低于28 ℃处理的14.86 kWh,节能效果最优。     

排灌输水隧洞正常水深的简捷算法

为了使标准城门洞形断面正常水深的求解具有简单的显函数计算公式,对标准城门洞形断面正常水深的基本方程进行恒等变形,将水面位于底角圆弧段和顶弧段正常水深的超越方程以及水面位于侧边直线段正常水深的高次方程,变成无量纲化正常水深与已知量综合参数的单变量函数方程.引入准线性函数的概念并将准线性函数作为标准模板,再对正常水深的单变量函数方程应用准线性函数标准模板,在工程常用范围即无量纲化正常水深y∈[0.051,.80]范围内进行优化计算及准线性函数逼近,得到了超越方程和高次方程的替代函数方程,替代函数具有类似于线性函数形式,即正常水深的准线性显函数表达式,并进行误差分析.结果表明,在隧洞底部圆弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.36%,侧边直线段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.31%,顶弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.39%,说明准线性公式在隧洞有效水深范围内计算的水深准确度较高,可为排灌输水隧洞的断面设计及实现渠道水位控制时确定均匀流水深提供参考.     

主成分分析法在农村生活饮用水水质评价中的应用

主成分分析法是一种降维的多元统计分析方法,运用主成分分析法对水质进行评价,能够反映水质的综合状况。清原县农村饮用水汛期污染较为严重,针对汛期农村饮用水水质污染特征,选取具有代表性的14个采样点进行监测分析,以《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749—2006）为标准,筛选出污染指标,然后采用主成分分析法对其水质（污染指标）进行综合评价。结果显示：清原县农村饮用水水质问题主要是微生物污染;大孤家镇采样点水质最差,其次是土口子,北三家采样点水质最好,评价结果与实际情况相一致;主成分分析法以较少的综合指标反映了实际情况,是一种切实可行的综合评价方法。     

典型断面渠道临界水深计算

系统总结了明渠特征水深研究领域的计算方法,评价了各方法的特点;为了优选出典型断面渠道临界水深简捷、通用、精度高、适用范围广的显式计算公式,通过定义包含典型断面几何要素及流量的量纲为一的参数,将目前成果中临界水深的显式计算公式用定义量纲为一的参数进行统一表达,并对其进行简捷性、精度及适用范围的综合评价比较,优选出梯形、圆形、弧底梯形、普通城门洞形、马蹄形等5种典型断面渠道临界水深的显式计算公式;对标准城门洞形断面的临界水深应用最优一致逼近原理,提出以幂函数形式分段表达的新显式计算公式．误差分析表明,在工程常用范围内,由推荐的显式公式所计算的6种典型断面的临界水深,其最大相对误差均小于1％,满足工程设计对精度的要求．该研究可为典型断面排灌渠道的设计及水力计算提供参考．     

PG99S智能型喷灌机的调试及维护

在蔬菜、花卉的工厂化育苗生产中,准确控制肥水的浓度和喷洒的均匀性显得尤为重要,而喷灌设备作为智能型连栋育苗温室的主要浇灌设备,被广泛应用于现代化育苗温室中。该设备自动作业,水量控制精准。本文就PG99S型智能喷灌机介绍其调试方法和故障维修。