陕西森林火灾的发生趋势及预测方法探讨

探讨了Ｍａｒｋｏｖ转移矩阵和ＧＭ（１，１）灰色模型预测陕西森林火灾趋势的方法。并预测２０００年前，森林火灾基本处于Ｂ级稳定状态，最小级Ａ出现于１９９８年，最大级Ｃ可能出现于２０００年。     

Fire-induced changes in northern Patagonian landscapes

In northern Patagonia, Argentina we quantify changes in fire frequency along a gradient from mesic Nothofagus dombeyi forest to xeric woodlands of Austrocedrus chilensis at the steppe ecotone, and we examine patterns of vegetation change coincident with the changes in fire regimes across a range of spatial scales. At a regional scale changes in land cover types are documented by comparing 1:250000 scale cover type maps from 1913 and 1985. Changes in landscape structure are analyzed by comparing vegetation patterns on 1:24000 scale aerial photographs taken in 1940 and 1970. Fire frequency peaked in the late nineteenth-century due to widespread burning and clearing of forests by European settlers late in the century. Subsequently, fire frequency declined dramatically about 1910 due to the cessation of intentional fires and has remained low due to increasingly effective fire exclusion. At a regional scale there has been a dramatic increase during the twentieth century in the proportion of forest cover relative to areas mapped as recent burns or shrublands in 1913. Remnant forest patches that survived the widespread late-nineteenth century burning have coalesced to form more continuous forest covers, and formerly continuous areas of shrublands have become dissected by forest. Under reduced fire frequency there has been a shift in dominance from short-lived resprouting species (mostly shrubs) towards longer-lived species and obligate seed-dispersers such as Austrocedrus chilensis and Nothofagus dombeyi. Due to limited seed dispersal of these tree species, the spatial configuration of remnant forest patches plays a key role in subsequent changes in landscape pattern.     

Technological properties and fire performance of medium density fibreboard (MDF) treated with selected polyphosphate-based fire retardants

ABSTRACT

The objective of the work was to evaluate the efficacy of two new polyphosphate-based fire retardants (FRs) and one commercial product named Siriono^® on the fire performance and physical–mechanical properties of medium density fibreboard (MDF) fabricated in the laboratory from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood. The fibres were treated with aqueous solutions of fire retardants, at 12% loading (dry salt on dry wood), and bonded with a melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) adhesive. The physical and mechanical properties of panels were assessed using the European standards, whereas their fire performance was evaluated using an in-house method and the Cone calorimeter. In overall, the chemicals added enhanced the fire and smoke properties of the panels to varying degrees. Critical FR parameters such as peak heat release rate (peak HRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) were significantly improved in the FR-treated panels, as exhibited in cone calorimeter tests. However, the internal bond strength of treated panels largely decreased by the addition of fire retardants, while thickness swell and water absorption negatively affected to a significant extent. In contrast, the formaldehyde release of the panels was considerably decreased at the E1 class level, with the incorporation of the polyphosphate-based additives.     

森林防火指挥系统、ArcGIS和Google Earth结合在新一轮退耕还林工程中的应用

在永平县新一轮退耕还林工程作业设计和管理中,利用森林防火指挥系统、ArcGIS10.2和Google Earth的功能优势互补、取长补短,完成工程地块定位、落实勾绘、面积求算、编辑成图等工作。结果表明以上3种软件(系统)结合易学易用、工作效率高、成本低、结果准确、在无地形图识图能力的情况下也能进行工程小班、地块空间位置定位识别、管理。文章简述了地块勾绘,数据格式转换,创建自定义地理(坐标)变换,投影变换,设计小班、地块数据编辑成图的方法和步骤,以期在同类工程中得到应用。     

贵州林火发生时间卫星监测动态分析

根据国家林业局西南卫星林火监测分中心2005~2010年贵州林业卫星监测数据及相关信息的分析,对贵州省林火发生时间进行动态分析,结果表明,2009~2010年持续高温干旱,火灾发生频率较高,1~2月份进入高危火险时间,3~4月进入高峰期。分析结果为有针对性地制定防火规划提供依据。     

利用辽宁省森林生态网络构筑生态防火网络体系的思考

立足辽宁省森林生态网络体系的"点(中心城镇)"、"线(河流线、海岸线、铁路线、公路线、防护林带)"、"面(主要林区)"系统,综合考虑各地的自然、经济条件、林分状况、火险等级等实际,探讨利用河流、山脊、沟壑等自然条件和林道网、防护林带等森林生态网络元素构筑完整的封闭式生态防火网络体系.文中具体阐述了生态防火网络的设计原则与框架,提出加强领导,落实责任,依靠科技,提高水平,强化管理,完善政策等生态防火网络建设的保障措施.     

森林扑火战法初探

本文根据森林火灾发生规律,结合森林扑火实战经验,采用攻防原理,探讨不同情况下扑救森林火灾应当采取的战法。提出森林扑火战法研究是森林扑火技术的应有之义,火场指挥人员应在准确把握火场形势的前提下,实施速决战或持久战,以及针对特殊火场形势,采用猛攻空袭、避实击虚、防守隔离带和抢抓清晨有利时机等战法,最大限度地保证人员安全,取得最好的扑火效果。     

东北林区贮木场火灾智能探测预警系统的研究

通过对林区贮木场火灾预警系统的设计、区域划分及火灾探测器的布局,并以东北林区——贮木场为实例进行应用分析,结果表明,贮木场内报警区域可根据场内楞堆区域的个数及作业生产线划分,探测区域按照500 m2<区域<1 000 m2进行划分,火灾探测器按照3 m×6.5 m间距进行安装,气体探测器安装在楞堆的东南方向,室外自检时间为4 h,区域报警系统采用无极性的二线制系统,集中报警采用三线制系统。     

地表火对宝天曼栎类森林生态系统服务功能的影响研究

2008年4月至2010年6月采用时间序列代替空间序列的方法,对宝天曼栎类森林生态系统服务功能受地表火影响在不同时间的涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、生物保育、积累营养物质、负离子提供和森林病虫害防治等7个方面进行了初步评估。结果表明,地表火干扰造成宝天曼栎类森林生态系统服务功能损失的价值在时间序列上依次为1年是24.95万元.hm-2,5年是11.68万元.hm-2,10年是4.91万元.hm-2,15年是0.68万元.hm-2;各项服务功能价值量损失排序为保育土壤>涵养水源>病虫害防治>固碳释氧>积累营养物质>净化大气>生物保育,其中保育土壤和涵养水源两项的损失占总损失量的70%左右,这表明地表火主要影响宝天曼栎类森林生态系统中的保育土壤和涵养水源功能。     

浅谈木材加工厂火险防范及处理方法

结合苇河林业局木材加工的特点和现状,论述了木材加工厂可以引起火灾的因素和危险性,并阐明了针对木材加工厂火险的防范措施和处理方法。