脂质在加热过程中的反应机理研究

研究了在有氧和无氧条件下脂质加热过程中热解反应的反应机理.通过脂质的Diels-Alder反应和自由基反应机理的研究表明,通过改变反应条件,可改变挥发物的成分,进而改善食品的风味和营养价值.     

化学氧化法测定土壤有机质的研究进展

有机质是土壤的重要组成成分,其含量水平是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标之一。化学氧化法在测定土壤有机质研究领域中应用普遍。本文综述化学氧化法测定土壤有机质的改进方法,讨论各方法利弊及一些干扰因子的去除,并对新的研究方向加以展望,对于研究出更简便、快捷、准确的有机质测定方法具有重要意义。     

Dietary inclusion of dehydrated bocaiuva pulp increases the antioxidant potential of quail eggs

The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary supplementation of different levels of dehydrated bocaiuva pulp (DBP) on the productive performance of laying quails, and on lipid oxidation, and quality in their eggs. A total of 120 quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% of DBP), five replicates and four birds per experimental unit. To evaluate lipid oxidation, the eggs were collected on five consecutive days at the end of the trial and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 6 × 5 factorial scheme (eggs from quails fed different levels of DBP × evaluated fresh and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days). The antioxidant potential of diets was improved (p < 0.05) when the DBP was added estimated as 2,2'‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazolin‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging capacity. No effect (p > 0.05) was observed on feed intake, hen‐day egg production and feed conversion (kg/kg and kg/dz). There were no changes (p > 0.05) in the egg weight, Haugh unit, yolk index or eggshell percentage. Although no difference was observed (p > 0.05), when comparing each level with the control, a negative linear effect (p < 0.05) on specific gravity was observed. In addition, only the treatment with 0.5% pulp exhibited lower (p < 0.05) eggshell thickness compared with the control (0%). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) analysis showed that as the dietary pulp level was increased, malondialdehyde content decreased linearly (p < 0.05) in the egg yolks, regardless of the storage period. Inclusion of DBP in the diets had no effect (p > 0.05) on the concentration of conjugated dienes in the eggs. The diets containing DBP showed a potential antioxidant effect, reducing the degree of lipid oxidation in egg yolk. However, no beneficial effects were observed on performance and egg quality.     

Advanced oxidation protein products are generated by bovine neutrophils and inhibit free radical production in vitro

Despite the recognised importance of oxidative stress in the health and immune function of dairy cows, protein oxidation markers have been poorly studied in this species. The current study aimed to characterise markers of protein oxidation generated by activated bovine neutrophils and investigate the biological effects of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) on bovine neutrophils. Markers of protein oxidation (AOPP, dityrosines and carbonyls) were measured in culture medium containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) exposed to neutrophils. The effect of AOPP-BSA on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed by chemiluminescence. Activation of caspases-3, -8 and -9 and the presence of DNA laddering were used as apoptosis markers.Greater amounts of AOPP were generated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-activated than non-activated neutrophils (1.46 ± 0.13 vs. 0.75 ± 0.13 nmol/mg protein, respectively; P < 0.05). Activated neutrophils and hypochlorous acid generated slightly different patterns of oxidized protein markers. Exposure to AOPP-BSA did not stimulate ROS production. Activated neutrophils generated a lesser amount of ROS when incubated with AOPP-BSA (P < 0.001). Activation with PMA induced a loss of viable neutrophils after 3 h, which was greater with AOPP-BSA incubation (P < 0.05). Detectable amounts of active caspases-3, -8 and -9 were found in nearly all samples but differences in caspase activation or DNA laddering were not observed comparing treatment groups. Apoptosis was unlikely to be responsible for the greater loss of PMA-activated neutrophils cultured in AOPP-BSA and it is possible that primary necrosis occurred. The results suggest that accumulation of oxidized proteins at an inflammatory site might result in a progressive reduction of neutrophil viability.     

高铜对雏鸭肝氧化状态及肝细胞凋亡的影响

将360只1日龄天府肉鸭随机分为6组,分别以对照日粮（Cu8mg／kg）和高铜日粮（Ⅰ组：Cu100mg／kg;Ⅱ组：Cu200mg／kg;Ⅲ组：Cu400mg／kg;Ⅳ组：Cu600mg／kg;Ⅴ组：Cu800mg／kg）饲喂6周,研究日粮铜水平对雏鸭肝氧化状态及肝细胞凋亡的影响。结果显示,与对照组比较,Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组肝铜锌SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性降低（P〈50．01）,Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组羟自由基和丙二醛含量显著升高（P〈0．01）,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组肝铜锌SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性升高（P〈0．01）。高铜组肝细胞凋亡率随日粮铜水平的升高而增加。表明,日粮铜水平为400mg／kg以上时可引起肝抗氧化功能降低和肝细胞凋亡率升高。     

氧化塘深度对猪场厌氧消化液后处理的影响

采用小试装置对3个不同深度氧化塘处理猪场厌氧消化液的效果进行了研究,结果表明:当平均气温为21.9℃,停留时间在80 ～110天,进水负荷为0.05 m3·m-2d-1的条件下,氧化塘对NH4-N的去除率达到了90％以上,CODcr,TP的去除率分别为50％,40％.硝化作用和藻类的吸收是氧化塘去除NH4-N的主要方式,沉淀作用则是CODcr和TP的主要去除方式,在较长停留时间下,微生物对于溶解性CODcr的分解和同化也能提供一定的去除效果.当平均气温为21.9℃,在表面负荷为0.05 m3·m-2d-1的条件下,有效深度为0.3m和0.7m的氧化塘面积去除负荷分别为1.41 g·m-2d-1,1.49 g·m-2d-1,容积去除负荷分别为4.7g·m -3d-1,2.8g·m-3d-1.虽然较深氧化塘具有较高的面积去除负荷,但较浅的氧化塘却有更高的容积去除负荷.     

结构铁的还原对绿脱石红外光谱的影响

伴随Fe^2 浓度增加和还原反应的进行，绿脱石红外光谱中位于3570，1030和821cm^-1吸收峰向低波数位移，其相应的振动方式分别为0-H伸缩振动、Si-Ob（基部氧）面内振动和FeO-H变形的振动，还原反应对Si-Oa（顶部氧）相互作用在1110cm^-1处产生的扇峰没有影响。结构铁的还原导致848cm^-1的吸收峰向较高能量方向转移，但在结构羟基完全重氢化后，Fe-OH振动在840cm^-1产生的吸收峰仍然保持不变，由于四面体和八面体薄层中间的压力减弱，Si-Ob振动能量随还原反应而降低。     

基于不同回收方法的肌浆蛋白对鲢鱼糜冻融稳定性的影响

为研究不同回收方法的肌浆蛋白对鲢鱼糜冻融稳定性的影响,分别通过加热法、酸偏移法和酸偏移-耦合壳聚糖絮凝法回收鲢鱼糜漂洗液中的肌浆蛋白,并将其添加至鱼糜中,测定鱼糜冻融循环过程中蛋白质冷冻变性、脂肪氧化及凝胶品质的指标。结果显示:添加不同方法回收的肌浆蛋白均能抑制鲢鱼糜冻融循环过程中盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性和总巯基含量的下降以及表面疏水性的上升,其中加热法回收的肌浆蛋白抑制鱼糜蛋白质冷冻变性的效果最显著,经过9次冻融后仍能够对鱼糜蛋白质变性起到抑制效果。蛋白质羰基含量测定结果显示,肌浆蛋白的添加可以抑制鱼糜冻融循环过程中蛋白质氧化现象。而与空白组鱼糜相比,添加不同回收处理的肌浆蛋白的鱼糜,其硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARs）和pH值并没有显著变化。此外,随着冻融循环次数的增加,鱼糜凝胶品质会发生严重劣化,其中添加酸偏移-耦合壳聚糖絮凝处理的肌浆蛋白的鱼糜始终保持较好的凝胶质构性能。     

土壤溶液中硒的价态变换及其影响因素

从理论上讨论了土壤硒的价态及其溶解性，土壤溶中不同形态的硒的溶解平衡与可能存在的Se(Ⅵ）的变价反应，土壤溶液中硒的价态转换的影响因素，特别是氧化还电位与PH对淹水土壤溶液中硒的价态变换的影响，并推导出Se的价态转换的PH－Eh图，根据pH-Eh图，可以预测土壤溶液中硒的价态变换与PH－Eh图关系。     

厌氧氨氧化工艺在废水脱氮领域中的应用进展

厌氧氨氧化是一种全新的生物脱氮工艺。对于处理低碳氮比废水,与传统方法相比,它具有节省氧耗、无需外加有机碳源、污泥产量低等优点。近年来,随着基础研究的逐渐深入,各国学者开始将研究视角转向厌氧氨氧化工艺的实际应用。本文对该工艺在消化污泥上清液、垃圾渗滤液等实际废水脱氮研究中的进展进行了综述,并指出了目前存在的问题和今后的研究方向。