陕西关中灌区水费计收方式与水资源合理利用

依据对陕西关中九大灌区4年来的灌溉用水管理调查资料,就灌区末级渠道的水费计收方式与水资源的合理利用进行了讨论.针对各灌区目前所实行的3种主要水费计收方式,即"按量计费"、"按667 m2(亩)计费"以及"合同供水"中存在的问题、适用的条件以及各自的利弊等进行了分析,对目前灌溉用水管理中存在的问题提出了相应的改进意见.     

Differential impact of bushmeat hunting on monkey species and implications for primate conservation in Korup National Park, Cameroon

Bushmeat hunting is one of the primary threats to many large-bodied vertebrate species in African forests. However, species vary in their degree of vulnerability to hunting. We investigated the impact of hunting on monkey species in Cameroon’s Korup National Park (KNP) and examined how vulnerability to hunting varies among species. Data on primate abundance and hunting intensity were collected along 10 line transects, distributed across three survey areas in KNP. We assessed how the relative abundance of seven monkey species spatially varied between heavily and lightly hunted areas and evaluated temporal changes in the relative abundance and proportional representation of these species at a single hunted forest site and in bushmeat harvests. The putty-nosed and mona monkeys are most tolerant to heavy hunting pressure whereas the crowned monkey, drill, and red colobus are among the most vulnerable. At our heavily hunted survey site, the overall relative density of monkey groups increased through time but primate species richness declined. The proportional representation of Cercopithecus species, especially putty-nosed monkeys, increased through time, possibly due to competitive release. We also observed an increase in the proportional representation of the putty-nosed and mona monkeys and a reduced percent contribution of the red colobus and drill in hunter harvests. We conclude that hunting is driving some of Africa’s most threatened primate species (e.g., Preuss’s red colobus and the drill) to local extinction in KNP. We discuss intrinsic factors of species that might influence their degree of vulnerability and strategies to improve protection efforts in KNP.     

The impact of trophy hunting on lions (Panthera leo) and other large carnivores in the Bénoué Complex, northern Cameroon

In West and Central Africa large carnivores have become increasingly rare as a consequence of rapid habitat destruction and lack of resources for protected area management. The Bénoué Complex (23,394 km²) in northern Cameroon is a regionally critical area for large mammal conservation. In the complex lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus) and spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) are formally protected in three national parks and 28 hunting zones. Over-hunting may be having a strong additive effect precipitating declines in large carnivore numbers across the complex. We used a coarse level track index method to estimate the relative abundance of these three species both in hunting zones and national parks. The results were interpreted with respect to ungulate abundance, and hunting impact. There was no significant difference between the densities of medium to larger species of ungulates in the hunting zones and the national parks, and no difference in leopard and spotted hyena densities in the respective areas. However, lions occurred at significantly lower densities in the hunting zones, and even in the national parks occurred at significantly lower densities than prey biomass would predict.     

浅析供热分户计量和收费问题

针对改革过程中“热”变商品这一制度引出的热计量和收费问题进行浅析,探讨了解决问题的一些技术方法。     

Conservation of European wild rabbit populations when hunting is age and sex selective

Several predator species at risk of extinction in Southwestern Europe are dependent on the population density of European wild rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus. Rabbit populations in the region, however, have recently undergone dramatic decreases in population density, which may be exacerbated by hunting. Current hunting policies set the autumn-winter season, just before the start of rabbit reproduction, as the main hunting season, and previous theoretical models have estimated that the current hunting season may have the greatest negative impact on rabbit abundance and should be changed. We utilised a model for rabbit population dynamics to determine the effects of the timing of hunting during two seasons, summer and autumn, on the tendency of rabbit populations to be over-harvested and on the number of rabbits hunted. This model included field estimates of age- and sex-selection biases of hunting by shotgun. Scenarios with different hunting rates and sex- and age-selection probabilities of hunting were simulated for populations with different turnover levels and with and without compensatory mortality mechanisms. Field estimations showed that hunting in summer was juvenile-biased whereas autumn hunting was juvenile- and male-biased. In contrast to previous findings, our modelling results suggested that hunting in autumn may be the most conservative option for harvesting of rabbit populations, since these populations were more prone to be over-harvested during the summer. The differences between the two seasons in number of rabbits hunted were dependent on population dynamics and hunting sex- and age-selection probabilities. Our findings suggest that altering of current hunting policies would not optimise the exploitation or conservation of wild rabbit populations, but that the latter may be improved by some changes in the timing of hunting.     

Salinity ranges of some southern African fish species occurring in estuaries

The recorded salinity ranges of 96 fish species occurring in southern African estuaries are documented. Factors influencing the tolerance of fishes to low and high salinity regimes are discussed, with most species tolerant of low rather than high salinity conditions. This is important since most systems are subject to periodic freshwater flooding, especially during summer. The penetration of freshwater teleosts and elasmobranchs into estuaries is examined and the occurrence of marine fishes in rivers documented. Mortalities arising from salinity extremes in southern African estuaries are discussed, with temperature a key factor initiating such fish kills. Only eight fish species have been recorded spawning in estuaries although the fry of many species are attracted to estuarine waters. It is concluded that a small percentage of southern African fishes have succeeded in utilizing estuaries and this may be attributed to the paucity of strong osmoregulators     

Priority areas for the conservation of Atlantic forest large mammals

Large mammal faunas in tropical forest landscapes are widely affected by habitat fragmentation and hunting, yet the environmental determinants of their patterns of abundance remain poorly understood at large spatial scales. We analysed population abundance and biomass of 31 species of medium to large-bodied mammal species at 38 Atlantic forest sites (including three islands, 26 forest fragments and six continuous forest sites) as related to forest type, level of hunting pressure and forest fragment size using ANCOVAs. We also derived a novel measure of mammal conservation importance for each site based on a “Mammalian Conservation Priority index” (MP_i) which incorporates information on species richness, population abundance, body size distribution, conservation status, and forest patch area. Mammal abundance was affected by hunting pressure, whereas mammalian biomass of which was largely driven by ungulates, was significantly influenced by both forest type and hunting pressure. The MP_i index, when separated into its two main components (i.e. site forest area and species-based conservation index C_i), ordered sites along a gradient of management priorities that balances species-focused and habitat-focused conservation actions. Areas with the highest conservation priority were located in semi-deciduous forest fragments, followed by lowland forests. Many of these fragments, which are often embedded within large private landholdings including biofuel and citrus or coffee crops, cattle ranches and pulpwood plantations, could be used not only to comply with environmental legislation, but also enhance the prospects for biodiversity conservation, and reduce edge effects and hunting.     

从木兰围场看中国封闭式狩猎场建设管理方向

通过阐述木兰围场封闭式狩猎场的经营状况,提出了建立封闭式狩猎场必须从选址、设置围栏、动物放养密度以及服务设施这几方面考虑,从而指出封闭式狩猎场应从管理上实行会员制、扩展服务项目和开拓动物副产品加工等方面发展狩猎场的经营建设。     

东北赫哲族生计与文化的变迁研究

中国作为一个多民族、多文化的社会,存在着不同经济文化类型的民族。传统的赫哲族是一个以渔猎生计为主的民族,如今赫哲族的渔猎经济已经发生很大变化,传统的赫哲文化随着其生计的转型而逐渐消失。文章通过对四排村赫哲族的渔猎生计历史和现状的研究来分析其传统的渔猎文化与生计转型的关系。     

碾上小流域艰苦创业走上致富路

碾上小流域艰苦创业走上致富路王建宏（河南省林州市水利局，４５６５５０）碾上小流域位于林州市泽下乡东南部深山区，属淇河支流。流域内只有一个行政村，总土地面积２２．９ｋｍ２，其中水土流失面积２０．７ｋｍ２，占总面积的９４％，总人口３８１７人，人均耕地仅０...