Hunting in Sweden: Extent,economic values and structural problems

This article, that is based on an empirical study, deals with the extent and economic values of moose hunting and hunting for other game, with a geographical division into Southern Sweden (Götaland and Svealand) and Northern Sweden (Norrland). Furthermore, structural problems regarding the allocation of hunting among hunters are discussed. About two‐thirds of the total hunting value of all game in the country refers to recreation and one‐third refers to meat. Considerably more than one‐half of the total hunting value of all game is attributable to moose hunting. Nearly three‐quarters of the total hunting value is accounted for by Southern Sweden, the main reasons being that the majority of hunters as well as the major part of the total bag is based in the south. The total (gross) hunting value does largely exceed the money that the hunters actually pay for their hunting. For many hunters, especially in Northern Sweden, there are large discrepancies between the actual extent of their hunting and their real preferences, which makes the value of hunting lower than it could have been.     

Moose management and the economic value of hunting: Towards bioeconomic analysis

An appropriate moose management requires knowledge about how the economy of moose, in terms of values (benefits) and costs, responds to alterations in the moose population. This article, that is based on an empirical study, focuses on one segment of this problem field—the value of moose hunting. It deals with the question of how this value, including aspects of recreation as well as meat, is changing when the moose population density is altered. Furthermore, the article discusses the significance to the hunting value of the moose population's age structure. Generally the hunting value increases—but at a decreasing rate—as the moose population density is increased. There are, however, large geographical differences, so that a certain increase in the moose population density means a lot to the hunting value in one region but less in another. Many moose hunters would, in consideration of their own hunting pleasure, prefer an adult/calve ratio for the bag of moose that diverges considerably from what is stipulated by the authorities.     

海南岛史前采集渔猎经济及其技术的发展

Hainan Island was advantaged for the rich ecological environmental resources, and the fishing and hunting economic activities were very and rich and colorful. The collecting activities originated along the seashores,and then extended into mesas and hunmmocks. The terrestrial collecting developed from ground into underground, from potherb, leaf and fruit collecting into earthnut collecting, and the aquatic collecting from slow animals emptyhanded collecting at the shallow sea into tooled halieutics. As with the long coastline, wide maritime space and abundant sea-born mollusks in the island, tooled halieutics developed rather later. Hunting played a very import antrole in the economy of the aboriginal in the island, their hunting technology was gradually improved, Becanse of different geographical conditions, the inhabitants in the middle of the mountainous area gave priority to collecting and hunting and their halieutics was not advanced, while in the littoral they gave priority to halieutics and collecting but their hunting lagged behind. The island was advantaged for the abundant natural resources and sparsely populated, the inhabitants relied on the natural resources and their collecting, fishing and hunting had lasted very long, therefore, their agriculture in the history was not yet mature.     

毛竹税费源头征收的探讨

本文就永安市在完成毛竹林以农户承包经营为主的生产责任制基础上,针对当前全省笋、竹税费管理普遍存在的问题,借鉴国外市场经济国家林业税制的成功经验,对现行“按笋、竹产品征收税费”改为“按林地面积评产定期定额征收税费”的做法进行探讨,以期供有关部门决策时参考,并对我国林业税费制度的深化改革有所裨益     

碾上小流域艰苦创业走上致富路

碾上小流域艰苦创业走上致富路王建宏（河南省林州市水利局，４５６５５０）碾上小流域位于林州市泽下乡东南部深山区，属淇河支流。流域内只有一个行政村，总土地面积２２．９ｋｍ２，其中水土流失面积２０．７ｋｍ２，占总面积的９４％，总人口３８１７人，人均耕地仅０...     

异色瓢虫对槐蚜的捕食功能反应

在室内条件下,就异色瓢虫对槐蚜的捕食功能反应进行了研究。结果表明,异色瓢虫各龄幼虫、成虫对槐蚜的日捕食量差异较大。在相同槐蚜密度条件下,老熟幼虫和成虫的捕食量要远远高于低龄幼虫;各龄幼虫、成虫的捕食量均随槐蚜密度的增加而增加,当槐蚜增加到一定水平,捕食量趋于稳定。异色瓢虫各龄幼虫和成虫的功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型,经Χ2检验,各圆盘方程理论值和实测值拟合较好。异色瓢虫各龄幼虫、成虫对槐蚜的寻找效应随猎物密度的增加而减少。     

Recent Evidence of Animal Exploitation in the Axumite Epoch, 1st– 5th Centuries AD

This study reports evidence of animal exploitation during the Axumite era based on a survey of architectural features, rock art and artefacts recovered from the archaeological site at Axum, northern Ethiopia. Animals and agricultural tools were identified from materials not previously examined. Pottery, rock art and animal remains revealed a range of zoological species. Agricultural implements and sacrificial vessels also provided indirect evidence of animal exploitation. It is concluded that, in addition to plough-based agriculture, the hunting of large wild animals, such as elephants and lions, and the exploitation of domestic cattle, small ruminants and poultry were part of the Axumite subsistence regime. Although it is difficult to reconstruct an overall subsistence pattern based on this study alone, the physical and biological evidence suggests that the Axumites practised combined cultivation and animal herding. Further investigation is required to study the types and breeds of animals and their distribution in time and space.     

How Wildlife Management Agencies and Hunting Organizations Frame Ethical Hunting in the United States

Given that many wildlife management agencies consider hunting to be central to wildlife conservation, a growing body of research describes ethical hunting using characterization framing (created by outsiders). This article describes an identity frame (created by insiders) of ethical hunting in the United States, based on analysis of hunter education manuals and official statements of hunting nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Similar themes permeated texts from both sources (e.g., obeying law, fair chase). NGOs, however, placed significantly more emphasis on being skilled (15% vs. 6%) and being motivated by experiencing nature (10% vs. 2%), whereas government agencies placed significantly more emphasis on respecting landowners (28% vs. 15%). Agencies may frame ethical hunting as more socially interdependent and rule abiding because they perceive a need to prioritize government authority (law) and property owner interests. These findings highlight a need for identity frames focusing on how hunting impacts biodiversity and humane treatment of animals.     

关于建立水土保持生态效益补偿制度的思考

水土保持生态效益是整个水土保持综合效益的基础。水土保持对生态环境的有益功能，实质上就是水土保持生态效益的使用价值。生态效益对消费者没有选择、排除能力，只要在受益范围内，无论消费者是否乐于接受，是否向生产者支付任何费用，受益者都会享受到。社会各经济部门产品价值增值和人民身心健康的增进，部分是消费水土保持生态效益的使用价值带来的。生态效益是有价值的，受益地区各部门埋应给予适当的经济补偿，以利于其再生产。应加快征收水土保持效益补偿费立法步伐，以使水土保持生态效益补偿制度落到实处。     

Distribution and relative abundance of peccaries in the Argentine Chaco: associations with human factors

In the Argentine Chaco, the three species of peccaries (Artiodactyla) are likely affected by habitat destruction and hunting, yet basic information on peccary distribution and status in this region is poorly known. This study identifies human factors associated with relative abundance and distribution of each species. Estimation of relative abundance was based on interviews with local hunters, and variables potentially related to distribution and relative abundance of peccaries were estimated for 153 circular sample sites of 10 km diameter in the Argentine Chaco. Peccaries were found in sites of high forest cover, low human density, far from towns and with low density of roads. After accounting for forest cover and other variables, number of settlements was identified as the main variable negatively associated with relative abundance of the three species, which may be a result of local hunting. Density of roads was also negatively associated with presence of chacoan peccaries. Collared peccary seems to be the least susceptible to human perturbations. It was the most widely distributed and found in a wider range of conditions than the other species. Chacoan peccary was relatively rare. Because colonization and development programs are increasing in the region, areas still uninhabited should be protected, construction of roads controlled, and hunting managed.