Discussion on Private Forestry Development in China

1 HISTORICAL PROCESS ANDPRESENT SITUATION ON PRIVATEFORESTRY IN CHINABefore 1978, all the private sectors were bannedto own forest tenure in China. At that time, forestwas managed by state-run forest farms, state-runforestry industry bureaus or collectives. When thereform and opening-up policy was initiated inChina, with the implementation of HouseholdResponsibility System (HRS) in rural areas, privatesectors began to participate in forestry. In March1981, the State…     

我国农业灌溉水费管理的初步研究

指出我国灌区普遍存在工程老化、效益递减、灌区管理单位经费短缺、发展困难等现象。灌区的主要经费来源是灌溉水费，而水费计收标准低、收缴困难、中间环节多、难以到位。灌溉水费管理中存在的这些问题，使得灌区工程的维修、改造与更新不能得到保证。分要认为：灌溉水费管理改革，应围绕提高水费收缴率和使用效率、保证专款专用而展开，不仅要采用科学的、符合商品经济规律的水费计收标准，而且在水费收交的过程中应减少中间环节，杜绝截留、挪用。此外，实施国家对农业水费的补贴政策，加大政府对农田水利基本建设的投入力度，建立与完善灌溉水费管理的法规规章与制度，也是加强水费管理的必要措施。     

安徽省驷马山引江灌溉工程水价制度研究

结合该工程的实际情况 ,在全面分析工程现行水价制度存在的主要问题的基础上 ,扼要讨论了工程的理论水价计算 ,对驷马山引江工程水价征收办法进行了较深入的研究。     

Factors Affecting Agroforestry Sustainability in Bee Endemic Parts of Southeastern Nigeria

ABSTRACT

This paper attempts, in an exploratory manner, to identify the various ways in which unsustainable beekeeping and honey hunting practices result in the loss of important multi-purpose agroforestry tree species in bee endemic parts of Southeastern Nigeria. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches (Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), community fora, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and semi-structured interview schedules) were used in an interactive manner to collect data for this study from five randomly selected communities in Nsukka, Igbo-Etiti, Uzo-Uwani, Igbo-Eze South and Udenu Local Government Areas of Enugu State. Results show that beekeeping/honey hunting in the area is traditionally gender-specific occupations involving only male members of the households, while female members play an active role in processing, preserving, and marketing the products. The majority (69.6%) of the beekeepers/ honey hunters were within the age range of 31–50, and most (75.2%) of them did not receive secondary school education. Findings reveal that outright felling of some trees in order to extract honey, cutting tree trunks open and/or cutting down tree branches and setting surrounding bush on fire are among the major factors negatively impacting on the agroforestry of the area. Species of trees particularly at risk include Irvingia gabonensis, young Chlorophera excelsa, Raphia spp., Elaeis guineensis, Brachystegia eurycome, Dialium guineense, Erythrophleum guineese and Strychnos spinosa. Recommendations are proffered to improve harvesting practices for hive and other non-timber forest products in order to avert the erosion of natural resource base of the fragile farming ecosystem of the area.     

浅谈分户水表安装和改造中的几个问题

本文叙述了进行“一户一表”改造的必要性和常用方案,对实施过程中出现的问题进行了分析 并提出解决方案。     

林地征占用的趋势分析与对策研究

根据1998—2002年度浙江省及华东监测区各省林地征占用调查结果,以面积审核率与森林植被恢复费落实率为指标,分析其历史变化趋势及相关原因,研究提高林地管理水平的相关对策。     

三官洞狩猎场景观生态规划与设计研究

在实地调查的基础上,运用景观生态学的有关理论和规划原则,结合三官洞狩猎场的实际情况,对开展合理的景观生态规划进行了探讨。     

The impact of sport-hunting on the population dynamics of an African lion population in a protected area

Between 1999 and 2004 we undertook an ecological study of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, western Zimbabwe to measure the impact of sport-hunting beyond the park on the lion population within the park, using radio-telemetry and direct observation. 34 of 62 tagged lions died during the study (of which 24 were shot by sport hunters: 13 adult males, 5 adult females, 6 sub-adult males). Sport hunters in the safari areas surrounding the park killed 72% of tagged adult males from the study area. Over 30% of all males shot were sub-adult (<4 years). Hunting off-take of male lions doubled during 2001-2003 compared to levels in the three preceding years, which caused a decline in numbers of adult males in the population (from an adult sex ratio of 1:3 to 1:6 in favour of adult females). Home ranges made vacant by removal of adult males were filled by immigration of males from the park core. Infanticide was observed when new males entered prides. The proportion of male cubs increased between 1999 and 2004, which may have occurred to compensate for high adult male mortality.     

Fencing for conservation: Restriction of evolutionary potential or a riposte to threatening processes?

Fencing for conservation is an acknowledgement that we are failing to successfully coexist with and, ultimately, conserve biodiversity. Fences arose during the Neolithic revolution to demarcate resource-rich areas (food sources) and exclude threats (intruders). Fencing for conservation can be viewed as fulfilling a similar function. The aims of this paper were to identify when fencing can and is used to conserve biodiversity; highlight the costs and benefits of fencing for conservation; and make recommendations to ensure appropriate use of fencing for conservation in the future. The IUCN identifies ten major threatening processes and the impacts of eight of these can be mitigated via the use of fencing, however avoiding human-animal conflict and reducing the impact of introduced predators are the two most common uses. Fences implemented to achieve a conservation benefit are not necessarily physical barriers, but can also include ‘metaphorical’ fences of sound, smoke and smell, or even actual islands. Fences provide defined units for managers and separate biodiversity from threatening processes including human persecution, invasive species and disease. Conversely, they are costly to build and maintain; they have ecological costs through blocking migration routes, restriction of biodiversity range use which may result in overabundance, inbreeding and isolation; restriction of evolutionary potential; management; amenity and ethical costs. Despite these problems, fencing for conservation is likely to become increasingly utilized as biodiversity becomes increasingly threatened and methods of ameliorating threats lag behind. In the long-term, fences may ultimately prove to be as much a threat to biodiversity as the threats they are meant to exclude, and a new research agenda should arise to ensure that conservation fences do not remain a permanent part of the landscape.     

Economic and conservation significance of the trophy hunting industry in sub-Saharan Africa

There is a lack of consensus among some conservation NGOs and African governments concerning the acceptability and effectiveness of trophy hunting as a conservation tool. This lack of consensus is due partly to a lack of reliable information on the economic significance and ecological impact of the industry. We provide a review of the scale of the trophy hunting industry, and assess both positive and negative issues relating to hunting and conservation in Africa. Trophy hunting occurs in 23 countries in Africa, with the largest industries occurring in southern Africa and Tanzania, where the industry is expanding. The trophy hunting industry has remained static or is shrinking in Central and West Africa. A minimum of 1,394,000 km² is used for trophy hunting in sub-Saharan Africa, which exceeds the area encompassed by national parks. Trophy hunting is thus of major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism. However, there are a number of problems associated with the industry which limit conservation benefits. Several of these problems are common to multiple countries, suggesting that if solutions were developed, conservation benefits would accrue over large areas.